Relationships Between Parental Internet Intervention, School Engagement, and Risky Online Behaviors Among Adolescents: The Moderatoring Role of Family Cohesion
Author: Han-Tang Lin (Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling, National Taiwan Normal University), Huey-Jiuan Chen (Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling, National Taiwan Normal University)
Vol.&No.：Vol. 61, No. 4
Date：December 2016
Pages：205-242
DOI：doi:10.6209/JORIES.2016.61(4).08
Abstract：
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between risky online behaviors, parental Internet intervention, family cohesion, school engagement among adolescents. Family cohesion was also tested as a moderator in the relationship between parental Internet intervention and risky online behavior. The participants of this study were 1,006 junior high school students in Taiwan, and included participants from offshore islands. Self-made scales were used, namely the Risky Online Behavior Scale, Parental Internet Intervention Scale, Family Cohesion Scale, and School Engagement Scale. The main findings of the study are as follows: (1) Nearly half of adolescents showed at least one online risky behavior; (2) Upper grade students scored higher than lower grade students in all types of risky online behaviors; (3) Smartphone owners showed higher levels of risky online behaviors in passive cyberbullying, making Internet friends, Internet stickiness addiction, online pornography, and online privacy intrusion than nonowners did; (4) Risky online behavior was associated significantly with parental monitoring, behavioral disengagement, and emotional disaffection in school; (5) Significant and negative relationships were found between parental restriction, family cohesion, behavioral engagement and emotional engagement in school, and online risky behavior; (6) The strongest predictor for adolescent risky online behavior was school disaffection, followed by parental monitoring, restriction, and family cohesion; (7) The relationships between parental Internet intervention, school engagement, and risky online behaviors among adolescents were moderated by family cohesion. On the basis of the findings of this study, suggestions are presented for schools, families, and future research.
Keywords：family cohesion, parental intervention, risky online behavior, school engagement
《Full Text》
References：
- 王嵩音（2015）。父母介入子女網路使用行為之研究。中華傳播學刊，27，37-65。doi:10.6195/ cjcr.2015.27.02【Wang, S.-I. (2015). Parental mediation, of children’s internet use. Chinese Journal of Communication Research, 27, 37-65. doi:10.6195/cjcr.2015.27.02】
- 王智弘（2011）。網路成癮的成因分析與輔導策略。載於謝禮丞（主編），樂活─興大校園的故事（pp. 14-24）。臺中市：國立中興大學。【Wang, C.-H. (2011). Analysis of internet addiction disorder and counseling strategies. In L.-C. Hsieh (Ed.), LOHAS: The story of NCHU (pp. 14-24). Taichung, Taiwan: National Chung Hsing University.】
- 兒童福利聯盟文教基金會（2013）。2013年兒少手機及APP使用狀況調查。取自http://www. children.org.tw/research/detail/70/606【Child Welfare League Foundation. (2013). Survey of cell phone and APP usage among children and adolescents in 2013. Retrieved from http://www.children.org.tw/research/detail/70/606】
- 法務部（2013）。101年少年兒童犯罪概況及其分析。取自https://www.moj.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem= 348004&ctNode=25809&mp=001【Ministry of Justice. (2013). Analysis and overview about teens and children criminal in 2012. Retrieved from https://www.moj.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=348004&ctNode=25809&mp=001】
- 科技部傳播調查資料庫（2014）。媒體的娛樂與社交功能。取自http://www. crctaiwan.nctu.edu. tw/AnnualSurvey_detail.asp?ASD_ID=20【Taiwan Communication Survey, Ministry of Science and Technology. (2014). Entertainment and social interaction of media. Retrieved from http://www.crctaiwan.nctu.edu.tw/AnnualSurvey_detail.asp?ASD_ID=20】
» More
- 王嵩音（2015）。父母介入子女網路使用行為之研究。中華傳播學刊，27，37-65。doi:10.6195/ cjcr.2015.27.02【Wang, S.-I. (2015). Parental mediation, of children’s internet use. Chinese Journal of Communication Research, 27, 37-65. doi:10.6195/cjcr.2015.27.02】
- 王智弘（2011）。網路成癮的成因分析與輔導策略。載於謝禮丞（主編），樂活─興大校園的故事（pp. 14-24）。臺中市：國立中興大學。【Wang, C.-H. (2011). Analysis of internet addiction disorder and counseling strategies. In L.-C. Hsieh (Ed.), LOHAS: The story of NCHU (pp. 14-24). Taichung, Taiwan: National Chung Hsing University.】
- 兒童福利聯盟文教基金會（2013）。2013年兒少手機及APP使用狀況調查。取自http://www. children.org.tw/research/detail/70/606【Child Welfare League Foundation. (2013). Survey of cell phone and APP usage among children and adolescents in 2013. Retrieved from http://www.children.org.tw/research/detail/70/606】
- 法務部（2013）。101年少年兒童犯罪概況及其分析。取自https://www.moj.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem= 348004&ctNode=25809&mp=001【Ministry of Justice. (2013). Analysis and overview about teens and children criminal in 2012. Retrieved from https://www.moj.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=348004&ctNode=25809&mp=001】
- 科技部傳播調查資料庫（2014）。媒體的娛樂與社交功能。取自http://www. crctaiwan.nctu.edu. tw/AnnualSurvey_detail.asp?ASD_ID=20【Taiwan Communication Survey, Ministry of Science and Technology. (2014). Entertainment and social interaction of media. Retrieved from http://www.crctaiwan.nctu.edu.tw/AnnualSurvey_detail.asp?ASD_ID=20】
- 財團法人資訊工業策進會創新應用服務研究所（2013）。2013年我國家庭寬頻現況與需求調查－家戶篇。取自http://www.find.org.tw/market_info.aspx?n_ID=7195【Innovative DigiTech-Enabled Applications & Services Institute, Institute for Information Industry. (2013). National survey of family broadband status and needs: Household. Retrieved from http://www.find.org.tw/ market_info.aspx?n_ID=7195】
- 教育部（2010）。「國民中小、高中（職）及大專校院學生安全上網與資訊素養現況」調查計畫報告。取自http://www.edu.tw/news.aspx?news_sn=3571&pages=0【Ministry of Education. (2010). Report of “Internet safety and information literacy for current elementary, junior high, senior high and college students.” Retrieved from http://www.edu.tw/news.aspx?news_sn=3571& pages=0】
- 教育部（2015）。104年學生網路使用情形調查報告。取自http://depart.moe.edu.tw/ED2700/ News_Content.aspx?n=F84C9B045D336AF4&sms=BFD0035AFA4CEA76&s=F1AA06D56E8D6B20【Ministry of Education. (2015). Report of Internet use by students in 2015. Retrieved from http://depart.moe.edu. tw/ED2700/News_Content.aspx?n=F84C9B045D336AF4&sms=BFD0035AFA4CEA76&s=F1AA06D56E8D6B20】
- 教育部國民及學前教育署（2015）。國中小中輟學生人數【原始數據】。取自http://stats.moe.gov. tw/files/time/out.htm【K-12 Education Administration, Ministry of Education. (2015). Number of elementary and junior high dropouts [Data file]. Retrieved from http://stats.moe.gov.tw/files/time/out.htm】
- 劉惠琴（2007）。家庭系統測量的評估─以晚期青少年的家庭為例。中華心理衛生期刊，20（3），261-290。【Liu, H.-C. (2007). The evaluation of family system measurement for late adolescents and families. Formosa Journal of Mental Health, 20(3), 261-290.】
- 劉惠琴（2011）。家庭調適的質量對話。教育心理學報，42（4），567-589。doi:10.6251/BEP. 20100120【Liu, H.-C. (2011). The dialogue between quantitative and qualitative research on family adjustment. Bulletin of Educational Psychology, 42(4), 567-589. doi:10.6251/BEP.20100120】
- 謝龍卿（2004）。青少年網路使用與網路成癮現象之相關研究。臺中師院學報，18（2），19-44。【Hsieh, L.-C. (2004). The Internet use and internet addiction of adolescence. Journal of National Taichung Teachers College, 18(2), 19-44.】
- Agnew, R. (2006). Pressured into crime: An overview of general strain theory. Los Angeles, CA: Roxbury.
- Bao, W.-N., Haas, A., Chen, X., & Pi, Y. (2014). Repeated strains, social control, social learning and delinquency: Testing an integrated model of general strain theory in China. Youth & Society, 46(3), 402-424. doi:10.1177/0044118X11436189
- Barber, B. K., & Buehler, C. (1996). Family cohesion and enmeshment: Different constructs, different effects. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 58(2), 433-441. doi:10.2307/353507
- Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 11(1), 56-95. doi:10.1177/0272431691111004
- Berson, I. R., & Berson, M. J. (2005). Challenging online behaviors of youth: Findings from a comparative analysis of young people in the United States and New Zealand. Social Science Computer Review, 23(1), 29-38. doi:10.1177/0894439304271532
- Blakemore, S. J., & Frith, U. (2005). The learning Brain: Lessons for education: A précis. Developmental Science, 8(6), 459-471. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2005.00434.x
- Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). Contexts of child rearing: Problems and pros-pects. American Psychologist, 34(10), 844-850. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.34.10.844
- Chou, Y.-H., Yang, B.-H., Hsu, J.-W., Wang, S.-J., Lin, C.-L., Huang, K.-L., ...Lee, S.-M. (2013). Effects of video game playing on cerebral blood flow in young adults: A SPECT study. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 212(1), 65-72. doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.10.002
- Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Hillsdale, MI: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesia. Psychological Bulletin, 98(2), 310-357. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.310
- Crosnoe, R., & Elder, G. H. (2004). Family dynamics, supportive relationships, and educational resilience during adolescence. Journal of Family Issues, 25(5), 571-602. doi:10.1177/0192513 X03258307
- Dawson, J. F., & Richter, A. W. (2006). Probing three-way interactions in moderated multiple regression: Development and application of a slope difference test. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(4), 917-926. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.91.4.917
- Dehue, F., Bolman, C., & Völlink, T. (2008). Cyberbullying: Youngsters’ experiences and parental perception. CyberPsychology and Behavior, 11(2), 217-233. doi:10.1089/cpb.2007.0008
- Düerager, A., & Livingstone, S. (2012). How can parents support children’s Internet safety? Retrieved from http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/42872/
- Eastin, M. S., Greenberg, B. S., & Hofschire, L. (2006). Parenting the Internet. Journal of Communication, 56(3), 486-504. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00297.x
- Eccles, J. S., Wigfield, A., & Schiefele, U. (1998). Motivation to succeed. In W. Damon (Series Ed.) & N. Eisenberg (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology (5th ed., Vol. 3, pp. 1017-1095). New York, NY: Wiley.
- Fan, W., Williams, C. M., & Wolters, C. A. (2012). Parental involvement in predicting school motivation: Similar and differential effect across ethnic groups. Journal of Educational Research, 105(1), 21-35. doi:10.1080/00220671.2010.515625
- Farrell, M. P., & Barnes, G. M. (1993). Family systems and social support: A test of the effects of cohesion and adaptability on the functioning of parents and adolescents. Journal of Marriage and Family, 55(1), 119-132. doi:10.2307/352963
- Flynn, D. M., & MacLeod, S. (2015). Determinants of happiness in undergraduate university students. College Student Journal, 49(3), 452-460.
- Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Morgan, M., Signorielli, N., & Shanahan, J. (2002). Growing up with television: Cultivation processes. Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research, 2, 43-67.
- Gorall, D. M., & Olson, D. H. (1995). Circumplex model of family systems: Integrating ethnic diversity and other social systems. In R. H. Mikesell, D. Lusterman, & S. H. McDaniel (Eds.), Integrating family therapy (pp. 217-233). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/10172-012
- Greenfield, P., & Yan, Z. (2006). Children, adolescents, and the Internet: A new field of inquiry in developmental psychology. Developmental Psychology, 42(3), 391-394. doi:10.1037/0012- 1649.42.3.391
- Haddon, L., Livingstone, S., & the EU Kids Online Network. (2012). EU kids online: National perspectives. Retrieved from http://www.lse.ac.uk/media@lse/research/EUKidsOnline/EU%20Kids%20III/Reports/PerspectivesReport.pdf
- Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
- Ihmeideh, F. M., & Shawareb, A. A. (2014). The association between internet parenting styles and children’s use of the internet at home. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 28(4), 411-425. doi:10.1080/02568543.2014.944723
- Jago, R., Baranowski, T., Baranowski, J. C., Cullen, K. W., & Thompson, D. I. (2007). Social desirability is associated with some physical activity, psychosocial variables and sedentary behavior but not self-reported physical activity among adolescent males. Health Education Research, 22(3), 438-449. doi:10.1093/her/cyl107
- Jang, H., Song, J., & Kim, R. (2014). Does the offline bully-victimization influence cyberbullying behavior among youths? Application of general strain theory. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 85-93. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.007
- Joh, J. U., Kim, S., Park, J. L., & Kim, Y. P. (2013). Relationship between family adaptability, cohesion and adolescent problem behaviors: Curvilinearity of circumplex model. Korea Journal of Family Medicine, 34(3), 169-177. doi:10.4082/kjfm.2013.34.3.169
- Kalmus, V., Blinka, L., & Ólafsson, K. (2015). Does it matter what mama says: Evaluating the role of parental mediation in European adolescents’ excessive internet use. Children & Society, 29(2), 122-133. doi:10.1111/chso.12020
- Lau, W. W. F., & Yuen, A. H. K. (2013). Adolescents’ risky online behaviours: The influence of gender, religion, and parenting style. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(6), 2690-2696. doi:10. 1016/j.chb.2013.07.005
- Laursen, B., & Collins, A. W. (2009). Parent-adolescent relationships and influences. In R. M. Lerner & L. Steinberg (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent psychology, contextual influences on adolescent development (3rd ed., Vol. 2, pp. 3-42). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
- Laursen, B., & Mooney, K. S. (2008). Relationship network quality: Adolescent adjustment and perceptions of relationships with parents and friends. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 78(1), 47-53. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.78.1.47
- Lazarus, R. S., & Launier, R. (1978). Stress-related transactions between persons and environment. In L. A. Pervin & M. Lewis (Eds.), Perspectives in interactional psychology (pp. 287-327). New York, NY: Plenum. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-3997-7_12
- Lee, S.-J., & Chae, Y.-G. (2007). Children’s internet use in a family context: Influence on family relationships and parental mediation. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 10(5), 640-644. doi:10. 1089/cpb.2007.9975
- Levitin, D. J. (2014). The organized mind: Thinking straight in the age of information overload. New York, NY: Penguin.
- Lin, J. C.-C. (2007). Online stickiness: Its antecedents and effect on purchasing intention. Behaviour & Information Technology, 26(6), 507-516. doi:10.1080/01449290600740843
- Livingstone, S., Bober, M., & Helsper, E. J. (2005). Internet literacy among children and young people. London, UK: LSE Report.
- Livingstone, S., & Helsper, E. J. (2008). Parental mediation of children’s internet use. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 52(4), 581-599. doi:10.1080/08838150802437396
- Martinez-Gomez, D., Gomez-Martinez, S., Ruiz, J. R., Diaz, L. E., Ortega, F. B., Widhalm, K., ...Marcos, A. (2011). Objectively measured and self-reported physical activity and fitness in relation to inflammatory markers in European adolescents: The HELENA study. Atherosclerosis, 221(1), 260-267. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.12.032
- McElhaney, K. B., Allen, J. P., Stephenson, J. C., & Hare, A. L. (2009). Attachment and autonomy during adolescence. In R. M. Lerner & L. Steinberg (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent psychology (3rd ed., pp. 358-403). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1002/9780470479193.adlpsy 001012
- McGuigan, W. M., Vuchinich, S., & Tang, C.-Y. (2014). Negative communication behaviors during family problem solving: Cohesion as a moderator in a growth curve analysis. Journal of Family Communication, 14(2), 95-111. doi:10.1080/15267431.2013.864291
- Murphy, P. K., & Alexander, P. A. (2000). A motivated exploration of motivation terminology. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 3-53. doi:10.1006/ceps.1999.1019
- Moos, R. H., & Moos, B. S. (1986). Family environment scale (2nd ed.). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
- Nelsen, J., & Lott, L. (2010). Positive discipline for teenagers: Empowering your teen and yourself through kind and firm parenting (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Three Rivers Press.
- O’Farrell, S. L., & Morrison, G. M. (2003). A factor analysis exploring school bonding and related constructs among upper elementary students. The California School Psychologist, 8(1), 53-72. doi:10.1007/BF03340896
- Olson, D. H. (2000). Circumplex model of marital and family systems. Journal of Family Therapy, 22(2), 144-167. doi:10.1111/1467-6427.00144
- Olson, D. H. (2011). FACES IV and the circumplex model: Validation study. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 37(1), 64-80. doi:10.1111/j.1752-0606.2009.00175.x
- Olson, D. H., Portner, J., & Lavee, Y. (1985). FACES III. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Family Social Science.
- Parsons, C. E., Stark, E. A., Young, K. S., Stein, A., & Kringelbach, M. L. (2013). Understanding the human parental brain: A critical role of the orbitofrontal cortex. Social Neuroscience, 8(6), 525-543. doi:10.1080/17470919.2013.842610
- Pontzer, D. (2010). A theoretical test of bullying behavior: Parenting, personality, and the bully/victim relationship. Journal of Family Violence, 25(3), 259-273. doi:10.1007/s10896-009- 9289-5
- Sasson, H., & Mesch, G. (2014). Parental mediation, peer norms and risky online behavior among adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 33, 32-38. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.12.025
- Sheldon, P. (2008). The relationship between unwillingness-to-communicate and students’ Facebook use. Journal of Media Psychology, 20(2), 67-75. doi:10.1027/1864-1105.20.2.67
- Skinner, E. A., Kindermann, T. A., Connell, J. P., & Wellborn, J. G. (2009). Engagement and disaffection as organizational constructs in the dynamics of motivational development. In K. Wentzel & A. Wigfield (Eds.), Handbook of motivation in school (pp. 223-245). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Skinner, E. A., Kindermann, T. A., & Furrer, C. J. (2009). A motivational perspective on engagement and disaffection: Conceptualization and assessment of children’s behavioral and emotional participation in academic activities in the classroom. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 69(3), 493-525. doi:10.1177/0013164408323233
- Steyer, J. P. (2012). Talking back to facebook: The common sense guide to raising kids in the digital age. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
- Tseng, F. Y., & Yang, H.-J. (2015). Internet use and web communication networks, sources of social support, and forms of suicidal and nonsuicidal self-injury among adolescents: Different patterns between genders. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 45(2), 178-191. doi:10.1111/sltb.12124
- Wigfield, A., Eccles, J. S., Schiefele, U., Roeser, R. W., & Davis-Kean, P. (2006). Development of achievement motivation. In W. Damon & N. Eisenberg (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology (6th ed., Vol. 3, pp. 933-1002). Hoboken, NJ: John Wileys & Sons. doi:10.1002/9780470147658. chpsy0315
- Ybarra, M. L., & Mitchell, K. J. (2004). Youth engaging in online harassment: Associations with caregiver-child relationships, internet use, and personal characteristics. Journal of Adolescence, 27(3), 319-336. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2004.03.007