Relationships Between the Self-perceptions of Health Awareness, Body Image, and Well-Being Among Adolescents in Kaohsiung
Author: Mei-Ying Wu (Institute of Education, National Sun Yat-sen University), Hsiang-Ting Chen (Institute of Education, National Sun Yat-sen University), Ying-Yen Lu (Institute of Education, National Sun Yat-sen University), Zuway-R Hong (Institute of Education, National Sun Yat-sen University)
Vol.&No.：Vol. 63, No.1
Date：March 2018
Pages：33-67
DOI：10.6209/JORIES.2018.63(1).02
Abstract：
This survey investigated the relationships between the health awareness, body image, and well-being of Taiwanese adolescents. The mediation effects of students’ health awareness on the relationship between their body image and well-being were explored. A total of 1,129 adolescents were selected through stratified random sampling from seven junior high schools (seventh-grade students), six senior high schools (tenth-grade students), and five universities in Kaohsiung (freshmen). Three well-structured scales—health awareness, body image, and well-being scales—were conducted to measure adolescents’ health awareness, body image, and well-being. Subsequently, data from the measurements were compared by conducting individual t-tests, one-way analyses of variance, and structural equation modeling. The results revealed that the seventh-grade students possessed significantly higher scores on the health awareness and body image parameters compared with the tenth-grade students and freshmen. The adolescent boys possessed significantly higher total scores on the health awareness and body image parameters compared with the adolescent girls. The well-being total score of the adolescent girls was significantly higher than that of the adolescent boys. In addition, this study provides evidence to support the fact that adolescents’ body image is a mediating factor between health awareness and well-being. This study adds empirical evidence and provides insights into how grade and gender differences can be integrated in planning and implementing effective pedagogical strategies for increasing adolescent’ health awareness, body image, and well-being in Taiwan.
Keywords：adolescents, body image, health awareness, SEM, well-being
《Full Text》
References：
- 內政部（2017）。內政部統計查詢網。取自http://statis.moi.gov.tw/micst/stmain.jsp?sys=100 【Ministry of the Interior. (2017). Network of Ministry of the interior department of statistics. Retrieved from http:// statis.moi.gov.tw/micst/stmain.jsp?sys=100】
- 行政院主計總處（2013）。社會指標統計年報2012──國民幸福指數專刊。取自https:// ebook.dgbas.gov.tw/public/Data/31211154738MKFOK1MR.pdf 【Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, R.O.C. (2013). Social indicators 2012–A special issue of the national well-being indicators. Retrieved from https://ebook.dgbas.gov.tw/public/ Data/31211154738MKFOK1MR.pdf】
- 行政院主計總處（2016）。國民幸福指數年報2016。取自https://ebook.dgbas.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem =40331&ctNode=5971&mp=103 【Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, R.O.C. (2016). National well-being indicators 2016. Retrieved from https://ebook.dgbas.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=40331&ctNode=5971&mp=103】
- 行政院衛生福利部（2016）。第八屆臺灣健康城市暨高齡友善城市。取自http://afc.hpa.gov.tw/ Page/base/activities_detail.aspx?id=115 【Ministry of Health and Welfare. (2016). The 8th Taiwan healthy and age-friendly city. Retrieved from http://afc. hpa.gov.tw/Page/base/activities_detail.aspx?id=115】
- 吳明隆（2013）。SPSS統計應用學習實務：問卷分析與應用統計（三版）。臺北市：易習。【Wu, M.-L. (2013). SPSS Statistics Applied Learning Practice: Questionnaire Analysis and Applied Statistics (3rd ed.). Taipei, Taiwan: Book City.】
» More
- 內政部（2017）。內政部統計查詢網。取自http://statis.moi.gov.tw/micst/stmain.jsp?sys=100 【Ministry of the Interior. (2017). Network of Ministry of the interior department of statistics. Retrieved from http:// statis.moi.gov.tw/micst/stmain.jsp?sys=100】
- 行政院主計總處（2013）。社會指標統計年報2012──國民幸福指數專刊。取自https:// ebook.dgbas.gov.tw/public/Data/31211154738MKFOK1MR.pdf 【Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, R.O.C. (2013). Social indicators 2012–A special issue of the national well-being indicators. Retrieved from https://ebook.dgbas.gov.tw/public/ Data/31211154738MKFOK1MR.pdf】
- 行政院主計總處（2016）。國民幸福指數年報2016。取自https://ebook.dgbas.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem =40331&ctNode=5971&mp=103 【Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, R.O.C. (2016). National well-being indicators 2016. Retrieved from https://ebook.dgbas.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=40331&ctNode=5971&mp=103】
- 行政院衛生福利部（2016）。第八屆臺灣健康城市暨高齡友善城市。取自http://afc.hpa.gov.tw/ Page/base/activities_detail.aspx?id=115 【Ministry of Health and Welfare. (2016). The 8th Taiwan healthy and age-friendly city. Retrieved from http://afc. hpa.gov.tw/Page/base/activities_detail.aspx?id=115】
- 吳明隆（2013）。SPSS統計應用學習實務：問卷分析與應用統計（三版）。臺北市：易習。【Wu, M.-L. (2013). SPSS Statistics Applied Learning Practice: Questionnaire Analysis and Applied Statistics (3rd ed.). Taipei, Taiwan: Book City.】
- 呂鴻基、林秀娟、吳美環、呂宗學、馮燕、邱南昌…吳春福（2014）。臺灣兒童健康幸福指數：兒童的健康、教育及福利之綜合評價。臺北市：中華民國兒童健康聯盟。【Lu, H.-G., Lin, H.-C., Wu, M.-H., Lu, C.-H., Feng, Y., Chiu, N.-C., …Wu, C.-F. (2014). Taiwan child well-being index: Comprehensive assessment of children’s health, education and welfare. Taipei, Taiwan: Child Health Alliance Taiwan.】
- 李宜致、吳偉立、李佳珂、林陽助（2012）。大學生健康知能與健康行為之研究。清雲學報，32（3），51-63。【Lee, Y.-C., Wu, W.-L., Lee, C.-K., & Lin, Y.-C. (2012). An investigation of the college students’ health literacy and health behavior. Journal of Ching-Yun University, 32(3), 51-63.】
- 沈姍姍、林雅萍、翁梓珮、呂佳芳（2012）。大學生的健康促進生活型態與自覺健康、休閒需求之研究。嘉南學報，38，659-670。【Shen, S.-S., Lin, Y.-P., Weng, Z.-P., & Lu, J.-F. (2012). The study of health promoting lifestyles, perceived health and leisure needs of the university students. Chia Nan Annual Bulletin, 38, 659-670.】
- 邢占軍（2005）。對主觀幸福感測量的反思。本土心理學研究，24，301-323。doi:10.6254/2005.24.301 【Xing, Z.-J. (2005). Reflections on subjective well-being measures. Indigenous Psychological Research in Chinese Societies, 24, 301-323. doi:10.6254/2005.24.301】
- 兒童福利聯盟（2015）。2014年臺灣少年身體形象（body image）與整形態度調查報告。臺北市：作者。【Child Welfare League Foundation. (2015). An investigation report on Taiwanese adolescents’ body image and attitudes toward plasticity. Taipei, Taiwan: Author.】
- 林佳臻、杜明燦、陳俊傑、陳宣志、顏啟華、李孟智（2013）。台灣地區老人自覺健康狀況相關因子之探討。台灣老年醫學暨老年學雜誌，8（2），75-89。 【Lin, C.-C., Tu, M.-T., Chen, C.-C., Chen, S.-C., Yen, C.-H., & Lee, M.-C. (2013). Predictive factors of self-rated health status among elderly population in Taiwan. Taiwan Geriatrics & Gerontology, 8(2), 75-89.】
- 姜元御、林烘煜、劉志如、何縕琪、許木柱（2011）。青少年心理學。臺北市：三民書局。【Jiang, Y.-Y., Lin, H.-Y., Liu, Z.-R., He, Y.-Q., & Xu, M.-Z. (2011). Adolescent psychology. Taipei, Taiwan: Sanmin.】
- 洪如玉、陳惠青（2016）。解構哲學之探討及其對審美教育學之啟示。教育科學研究期刊，61（1），115-137。doi:10.6209/JORIES.2016.61(1).05 【Hung, R.-Y., & Chen, H.-C. (2016). Exploring deconstruction and its implications for aesthetic education. Journal of Research in Education Sciences, 61(1), 115-137.doi:10.6209/JORIES.2016.61(1).05】
- 孫效智（2015）。生命教育核心素養的建構與十二年國教課綱的發展。教育研究月刊，251，48-72。doi:10.3966/168063602015030251004 【Sun, H.-C. (2015). The construction of core competencies of life education and the development of general curriculum guidelines of 12-year basic education. Journal of Education Research, 251, 48-72. doi:10.3966/168063602015030251004】
- 張春興（2006）。張氏心理學辭典（重訂版）。臺北市：東華。 【Zhang, C.-X. (2006). Zhang’s psychology dictionary (Rev. ed.). Taipei, Taiwan: Tung Hua.】
- 張傳琳、陳坤虎、李怡真、王沂釗、何縕琪、危芷芬、許育齡（2016）。正向心理學。臺北市：洪葉。 【Zhang, C.-L., Chen, K.-H., Lee, Y.-C.,Wang, I.-C., He, Y.-Q., Wei, C.-F., & Hsu, Y.-L. (2016). Positive psychology. Taipei, Taiwan: Hungyeh.】
- 莊耀嘉（1980）。國中生的人格特質、學業成就歸因及其學習行為（未出版碩士論文）。國立臺灣大學，臺北市。 【Zhuang, Y.-J. (1980). Junior high school students’ personality traits, attribution of academic achievement and their learning behavior (Unpublished master’s thesis). National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.】
- 連淑錦（2012）。女大學生電視收視多寡、身體質量指數、自尊感、內化理想體型與身體意象研究。藝術學報，90，141-166。 【Lien, S.-C. (2012). Television viewing, BMI, self-esteem, internalization and college women’s perceptions of boby image. Journal of Art, 90, 141-166.】
- 陸洛（1998）。中國人幸福感之內涵、測量及相關因素探討。行政院國家科學委員會研究彙編刊：人文及社會科學，8（1），115-137。 【Lu, L. (1998). The meaning, measure, and correlates of happiness among chinese people. Proceedings of the National Science Council, R.O.C., Part C: Huamnities and Social Sciences, 8(1), 115-137.】
- 黃淑玲、游美惠（2012）。性別向度與臺灣社會（二版）。臺北市：巨流。【Huang, S.-L., & You, M.-H. (2012). Gender orientation and Taiwan society (2nd ed.). Taipei, Taiwan: Chuliu.】
- 楊國樞（1980）。生活素質的心理學觀。中華心理學刊，22（2），11-24。【Yang, G.-S. (1980). Psychological view of quality of life. Chinese Journal of Psychology, 22(2), 11-24.】
- 蔡正育、吳明蒼、陳文英（2009）。知覺幸福感量表編製之研究。嘉大體育健康休閒期刊，8（2），62-74。doi:10.6169/NCYUJPEHR.8.2.07 【Tsai, C.-Y., Wu, M.-C., & Chen, W.-Y. (2009). A study on the compilation of perceived well-being scale. NCYU Physical Education, Health & Recreation Journal, 8(2), 62-74.doi:10.6169/NCYUJPEHR.8.2.07】
- 趙淑媛、蔡太生、曾祥志、陳志堅（2011）。高中生主觀幸福感的特點及其與學業成績的關係。中國臨床心理學雜誌，1（6），128-129。【Zhao, S.-H., Cai, T.-H., Zeng, X.-Z., & Chen, Z.-J. (2011). The characteristics of senior high school students' subjective well-being and their relationship with academic achievements. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1(6), 128-129.】
- 顏映馨（1999）。大學生的生活風格、人際親密和幸福感關係之研究（未出版碩士論文）。國立高雄師範大學，高雄市。【Yan, Y.-X. (1999). The correlation of life style, interpersonal intimacy and well-being for university students (Unpublished master’s thesis). National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.】
- Argyle, M.（1997）。幸福心理學（施建彬、陸洛，譯）。臺北市：巨流。（原著出版於1987年） 【Argyle, M. (1997). The psychology of happiness (J.-B. Shi, & L. Lu, Trans.). Taipei, Taiwan: Chuliu. (Original work published 1987)】
- Wainwright, D.（2012）。健康的社會學視野（游卉庭，譯）。新北市：韋伯文化。（原著出版於2008年） 【Wainwright, D. (2012). A sociology of health (H.-T. You, Trans.). New Taipei City, Taiwan: Weber. (Original work published 2008)】
- Weiten, W., Dunn, D. S., & Hammer, E. Y.（2015）。心理學：日常生活中的應用（第11版）（陸洛、高旭繁，編譯）。臺北市：洪葉。（原著出版於1990年） 【Weiten, W., Dunn, D. S., & Hammer, E. Y. (2015). Psychology applied to modern life: Adjustment in the 21st century (11th ed.) (L. Lu & X.-F. Gao, Eds. & Trans.). Taipei, Taiwan: Hungyeh. (Original work published 1990)】
- Adams, T., Bezner, J., & Steinhardt, M. (1997). The conceptualization and measurement of perceived wellness: Integrating balance across and within dimensions. American Journal of Health Promotion, 11(3), 208-218. doi:10.4278/0890-1171-11.3.208
- Altabe, M. (1998). Ethnicity and body image: Quantitative and qualitative analysis. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 23(2), 153-159. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(199803)23:2<153::AID-EAT5>3.0.CO;2-J
- Argyle, M., & Crossland, J. (1987). The dimensions of positive emotions. British Journal of Social Psychology, 26(2), 127-137. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1987.tb00773.x
- Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
- Bhat, M. (2017). Suicidal behavior among US high school students and associated risk factors, individual survey years 2013, 2015 and trend analysis from 1991 to 2015. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/iph_theses/509/
- Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136-162). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
- Campbell, A. (1976). Subjective measures of well-being. American Psychology, 31(2), 117-124. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.31.2.117
- Cash, T. F., Winstead, B. A., & Janda, L. H. (1986). Body image survey report: The great American shape-up. Psychology Today, 20(4), 30-37.
- Chen, H.-T., Wang, H.-H., Lin, H.-S., Lawrenz, F., & Hong, Z.-R. (2014). Longitudinal study of an after-school, inquiry-based science intervention on low-achieving children’s affective perceptions of learning science. International Journal of Science Education, 36(13), 2133-2156. doi:10.1080/09500693.2014.910630
- Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(2), 233-255. doi:10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5
- Cohane, G. H., & Pope, H. G. (2001). Body image in boys: A review of the literature. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 29(4), 373-379.
- Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Croyle, K. L., & Waltz, J. (2007). Subclinical self-harm: Range of behaviors, extent, and associated characteristics. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 77(2), 332-342. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.77.2.332
- Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1975). Beyond boredom and anxiety. Retrieved from http://psy2.ucsd. edu/~nchristenfeld/Happiness_Readings_files/Class%207%20-%20Csikszentmihalyi%201975.pdf
- Cureton, E. E. (1957). The upper and lower twenty-seven per cent rule. Psychometrika, 22(3), 293-296. doi:10.1007/BF02289130
- DeNeve, K. M., & Cooper, H. (1998). The happy personality: A meta-analysis of 37 personality traits and subjective well-being. Psychology Bulletin, 124(2), 197-229. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.124.2.197
- Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), 542-575. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.542
- Diener, E. (2013). The remarkable changes in the science of subjective well-being. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8(6), 663-666. doi:10.1177/1745691613507583
- Diener, E., Wolsic, B., & Fujita, F. (1995). Physical attractiveness and subjective well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(1), 120-129. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.1.120
- Disabato, D. J., Kashdan, T. B., Short, J. L., & Jarden, A. (2017). What predicts positive life events that influence the course of depression? A longitudinal examination of gratitude and meaning in life. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 41(3), 444-458. doi:10.1007/s10608-016-9785-x
- Duarte, C., Ferreira, C., Trindade, I. A., & Pintp-Gouveia, J. (2015). Body image and college women’s quality of life: The importance of being self-compassionate. Journal of Health Psychology, 20(6) 754-764. doi:10.1177/1359105315573438
- Duffy, M. E. (1993). Determinants of health‐promoting lifestyles in older persons. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 25(1), 23-28. doi:10.1111/j.1547-5069.1993.tb00749.x
- Dupuy, H. J. (1970). Developmental rationale, substantial, derivative, and conceptual relevance of the general well-being schedule. Fairfax, VA: National Center for Health Statistics.
- Gitau, T. M., Micklesfield, L. K., Pettifor, J. M., & Norris, S. A. (2014). Eating attitudes, body image satisfaction and self-esteem of South African black and white male adolescents and their perception of female body silhouettes. Journal of Child & Adolescent Mental Health, 26(3), 193-205. doi:10.2989/17280583.2014.901224
- Grogan, S. (2016). Body image: Understanding body dissatisfaction in men, women and children (3rd ed.). London, UK: Routledge.
- Hong, Z. R., & Lin, H. S. (2012). Impacts of a book reading club intervention on enhancing parents’ positive thinking. Journal of Health Psychology, 17(2), 273-284. doi:10.1177/1359105311413481
- Hong, Z. R., McCarthy Veach, P., & Lawrenz, F. (2004). Psychosocial predictors of self-esteem of Taiwanese secondary students. Alberta Journal of Educational Research, 50(4), 433-449.
- Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118
- Jacobson, H. L., Hall, M. E. L., & Anderson, T. L. (2013). Theology and the body: Sanctification and bodily experiences. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 5(1), 41-50. doi:10.1037/a0028042
- Johnson, E. R., Weiler, R. M., Barnett, T. E., & Pealer, L. N. (2016). Extreme weight‐control behaviors and suicide risk among high school students. Journal of School Health, 86(4), 281- 287. doi:10.1111/josh.12380
- Kakeshita, I. S., & Almeida, S. S. (2006). Relationship between body mass index and self-perception among university students. Revista de Saúde Pública, 40(3), 497-504. doi:10.1590/S0034-89102006000300019
- Lawshe, C. H. (1975). A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel Psychology, 28(4), 563-575. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1975.tb01393.x
- Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370-396. doi:10.1037/h0054346
- Maslow, A. H. (1954). Motivation and personality. New York, NY: Harper.
- Mitchell, L., Frank, M. R., Harris, K. D., Dodds, P. S., & Danforth, C. M. (2013). The geography of happiness: Connecting twitter sentiment and expression, demographics, and objective characteristics of place. PLOS ONE, 8(5), 1-15. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0064417
- Mock, V. (1993). Body image in women treated for breast cancer. Nursing Research, 42(3), 153-157. doi:10.1097/00006199-199305000-00006
- Omodei, M. M., & Wearing, A. J. (1990). Need satisfaction and involvement in personal projects: Toward an integrative model of subjective well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(4), 762-769. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.59.4.762
- Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2013). PISA 2015 draft science framework. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/pisa/pisaproducts/Draft%20PISA%202015% 20Science%20Framework%20.pdf
- Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2015). How’s life 2015 measuring well-being. Retrieved from http://www.ifuturo.org/documentacion/hows%20life%202015.pdf
- Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Ricciardelli, L. A., & Yager, Z. (2015). Adolescence and body image: From development to preventing dissatisfaction. London, UK: Routledge.
- Ronen, T., Hamama, L., Rosenbaum, M., & Mishely-Yarlap, A. (2016). Subjective well-being in adolescence: The role of self-control, social support, age, gender, and familial crisis. Journal of Happiness Studies, 17(1), 81-104. doi:10.1007/s10902-014-9585-5
- Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069-1081. doi:10.1037/ 0022-3514.57.6.1069
- Salk, R. H., Petersen, J. L., Abramson, L. Y., & Hyde, J. S. (2016). The contemporary face of gender differences and similarities in depression throughout adolescence: Development and chronicity. Journal of Affective Disorders, 205, 28-35. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.03.071
- Schilder, P. (1935). The image and appearance of the human body: Studies in the constructive energies of the psyche. London, UK: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Company Limited.
- Seligman, M. E. P. (1999). Positive psychology, positive prevention, and positive therapy. In C. R. Snyder & S. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 3-9). New York, NY: Oxford.
- Seligman, M. E. P., Ernstb, R. M., Gillhamc, J., Reivicha, K., & Mark, L. (2009). Positive education: Positive psychology and classroom interventions. Oxford Review of Education, 35(3), 293-311. doi:10.1080/03054980902934563
- Slater, G. A., & Tiggemann, M. (2011). Gender differences in adolescent sport participation, teasing, self-objectification and body image concerns. Journal of Adolescence, 34(3), 455-463. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.06.007
- Steptoe, A., Deaton, A., & Stone, A. A. (2015). Subjective wellbeing, health, and ageing. The Lancet, 385(9968), 640-648. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61489-0
- Strahan, E. J., Wilson, A. E., Cressman, K. E., & Buote, V. M. (2006). Comparing to perfection: How cultural norms for appearance affect social comparisons and self image. Body Image, 3(3), 211-227. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2006.07.004
- Stutzer, A., & Meier, A. N. (2016). Limited self-control, obesity, and the loss of happiness. Health Economics, 25(11), 1409-1424. doi:10.1002/hec.3227
- Svedberg, P., Lichtenstein, P., & Pedersen, N. L. (2001). Age and sex differences in genetic and environmental factors for self-rated health a twin study. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 56(3), 171-178. doi:10.1093/geronb/56.3.S171
- Swami, V., Tran, U. S., Stieger, S., & Voracek, M. (2015). Associations between women’s body image and happiness: Results of the YouBeauty.com Body Image Survey (YBIS). Journal of Happiness Studies, 16(3), 705-718. doi:10.1007/s10902-014-9530-7
- Tay, L., & Diener, E. (2011). Needs and subjective well-being around the world. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(2), 354-365. doi:10.1037/a0023779
- Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
- Thompson, J. K. (2004). The (mis) measurement of body image: Ten strategies to improve assessment for applied and research purposes. Body Image, 1(1), 7-14. doi:10.1016/S1740-1445(03)00004-4
- Thompson, J. K., & Heinberg, L. J. (1999). The Media’s influence on body image disturbance and eating disorders: We’ve reviled them, now can we rehabilitate them? Journal of Social Issues, 55(2), 339-353. doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00119
- Tylka, T. L., & Barcalowb, N. L. W. (2015). What is and what is not positive body image? Conceptual foundations and construct definition. Body Image, 14, 118-129. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.04.001
- Wang, H.-H., Chen, H.-T., Lin, H.-S., & Hong, Z. R. (2017). The effects of college students’ positive thinking, learning motivation and self-regulation through a self-reflection intervention in Taiwan. Higher Education Research & Development, 36(1), 201-216. doi:10.1080/07294360.2016.1176999
- World Health Organization. (1948). WHO definition of health. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/ suggestions/faq/en/
- World Health Organization. (2013). Health literacy: The solid facts. Retrieved from http://www.euro. who.int/en/publications/abstracts/health-literacy.-the-solid-facts
- World Health Organization. (2016). Adolescent health. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/topics/ adolescent_health/en/
- Zimmerman, B. J. (2001). Theories of self-regulated learning and academic achievement: An overview and analysis. In B. J. Zimmerman & D. H. Schunk (Eds.), Self-regulated learning and academic achievement: Theoretical perspectives (2nd ed., pp. 1-37). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
| APA Format | Wu, M. -Y., Chen, H. -T., Lu, Y. -Y., & Hong, Z. -R. (2018). Relationships between the self-perceptions of health awareness, body image, and well-being among adolescents in Kaohsiung. Journal of Research in Education Sciences, 63(1), 33-67. doi:10.6209/JORIES.2018.63(1).02 |
|---|