Study of High-School Educational Goals
Author: Ding-Ying Guo (Department of Education,National University of Tainan)
Vol.&No.：Vol. 64, No.1
Date：March 2019
Pages：81-117
DOI：10.6209/JORIES.201903_64(1).0004
Abstract：
This study analyzes and compares the educational goals of different high schools. All of the investigated educational goals were announced in 2016 and were from a total of 346 schools, consisting of senior high schools, 6-year high schools, comprehensive high schools, and 6-year-comprehensive high schools. Through qualitative analysis, this study identified 2,816 statements of educational goals that were then classified into 17 subcategories. The subcategories obtained were subsequently organized into 6 categories: self-construction, exploratory learning, moral development, literacy cultivation, society participation, and occupational training. Moreover, the 2,816 statements were further analyzed using SPSS for windows 21.0 to obtain a frequency distribution and the chi-square test. The findings of this study indicated that various high-school educational goals play a crucial role in the holistic education of high schools. The self-construction category was emphasized in high-school educational goals, whereas the occupational training category was the least commonly referenced educational goal. Furthermore, the self-construction category was prevalent in the educational goals of high schools from different backgrounds.
Keywords：educational goals, self-construction, senior high school
《Full Text》
References：
- 王如哲（2012）。緒論。載於吳清山、王如哲、陳清溪（主編），各國中等教育制度（pp. 1-7）。臺北市：國家教育研究院。 【Wang, R.-J. (2012). Introduction. In C.-S. Wu, R.-J. Wang, & C.-H. Chen (Eds.), Secondary education systems across countries (pp. 1-7). Taipei, Taiwan: National Academy for Educational Research.】
- 吳明清（1997）。學校再造的理念與策略。教育資料與研究，19，6-10。 【Wu, M.-C. (1997). The concepts and strategies of school reconstruction. Educational Resources and Research, 19, 6-10.】
- 吳柏軒（2016，3月21日）。十二年國教助長？讀私中逆勢增萬人。自由時報。取自http://news.ltn.com.tw/news/focus/paper/970783 【Wu, B.-S. (2016, March 21). Is 12-year basic education a stimulate factor? A surge of private-high-school students in ten thousand. Liberty Times. Retrieved from http://news.ltn.com.tw/news/focus/paper/970783】
- 李奉儒（2007）。十二年基本教育的理念與內涵。載於蘇永明、方永泉（主編），尋找國民教育的新方向：十二年國民基本教育研究（pp. 1-23）。臺北市：學富。 【Lee, F.-J. (2007). The concepts and contents of 12-year basic education. In Y.-M. Shu & Y.-C. Fang (Eds.), Looking for a new direction of compulsory education: Research in 12-year basic education (pp. 1-23). Taipei, Taiwan: Pro-Ed.】
- 林本（1981）。現代的理想中學生：我國中學教育目標與功能之研究。臺北市：開明書店。 【Lin, B. (1981). Modern ideal middle-school students: Research on the goals and functions of middle school education in Taiwan. Taipei, Taiwan: Kaiming Bookstore.】
» More
- 王如哲（2012）。緒論。載於吳清山、王如哲、陳清溪（主編），各國中等教育制度（pp. 1-7）。臺北市：國家教育研究院。 【Wang, R.-J. (2012). Introduction. In C.-S. Wu, R.-J. Wang, & C.-H. Chen (Eds.), Secondary education systems across countries (pp. 1-7). Taipei, Taiwan: National Academy for Educational Research.】
- 吳明清（1997）。學校再造的理念與策略。教育資料與研究，19，6-10。 【Wu, M.-C. (1997). The concepts and strategies of school reconstruction. Educational Resources and Research, 19, 6-10.】
- 吳柏軒（2016，3月21日）。十二年國教助長？讀私中逆勢增萬人。自由時報。取自http://news.ltn.com.tw/news/focus/paper/970783 【Wu, B.-S. (2016, March 21). Is 12-year basic education a stimulate factor? A surge of private-high-school students in ten thousand. Liberty Times. Retrieved from http://news.ltn.com.tw/news/focus/paper/970783】
- 李奉儒（2007）。十二年基本教育的理念與內涵。載於蘇永明、方永泉（主編），尋找國民教育的新方向：十二年國民基本教育研究（pp. 1-23）。臺北市：學富。 【Lee, F.-J. (2007). The concepts and contents of 12-year basic education. In Y.-M. Shu & Y.-C. Fang (Eds.), Looking for a new direction of compulsory education: Research in 12-year basic education (pp. 1-23). Taipei, Taiwan: Pro-Ed.】
- 林本（1981）。現代的理想中學生：我國中學教育目標與功能之研究。臺北市：開明書店。 【Lin, B. (1981). Modern ideal middle-school students: Research on the goals and functions of middle school education in Taiwan. Taipei, Taiwan: Kaiming Bookstore.】
- 林永豐（2003）。關聯機構、彈性課程─論我國後期中等教育改革的新趨勢。課程與教學季刊，6（4），85-100。doi:10.6384/CIQ.200310.0085 【Lin, Y.-F. (2003). Curriculum integration, institutional integration, upper secondary education. Curriculum & Instruction Quarterly, 6(4), 85-100. doi:10.6384/CIQ.200310.0085】
- 林生傳（2003）。教育研究法：全方位的統整與分析。臺北市：心理。 【Lin, S.-C. (2003). The method of educational research: All dimensional integration and analysis. Taipei, Taiwan: Psychological.】
- 林曉雲（2017，7月29日）。少子化寒流發威，高中職招生缺額7.5萬。自由時報。取自http://news.ltn.com.tw/news/life/paper/1122635 【Lin, S.-Y. (2017, July 29). The sub-replacement fertility is coming: A total of 75,000 vacancies for the enrollment of students in high school. Liberty Times. Retrieved from http://news.ltn.com.tw/news/life/paper/1122635】
- 高宣揚（1999）。後現代論。臺北市：五南。 【Kao, S.-Y. (1999). Postmodernism. Taipei, Taiwan: Wu-Nan Book.】
- 國立臺灣師範大學（2018）。教育部高中優質化補助方案資訊網。取自http://sap.cere.ntnu. edu.tw/sap/school/school105.php 【National Taiwan Normal University. (2018). The ministry of education’s information network for the optimizing project of high schools. Retrieved from http://sap.cere.ntnu.edu.tw/sap/school/school105.php】
- 國家教育研究院（2018）。重大教育政策發展歷程：高級中等教育。取自http://history.moe.gov. tw/policy.asp?id=22 【National Academy for Educational Research. (2018). Main education policy: Senior high school education. Retrieved from http://history.moe.gov.tw/policy.asp?id=22】
- 教育部（1963）。中學課程標準。臺北市：正中書局。 【Ministry of Education. (1963). Secondary school curriculum standards. Taipei, Taiwan: Cheng Chung Group.】
- 教育部（1971）。高級中學課程標準。臺北市：正中書局。 【Ministry of Education. (1971). High school curriculum standards. Taipei, Taiwan: Cheng Chung Group.】
- 教育部（1996）。高級中學課程標準。臺北市：作者。 【Ministry of Education. (1996). High school curriculum standards. Taipei, Taiwan: Author.】
- 教育部（2011）。普通高級中學課程綱要。取自http://www.naer.edu.tw/ezfiles/0/1000/attach/69/ pta_1486_6914541_15401.doc 【Ministry of Education. (2011). Senior high school curriculum guide. Retrieved from http://www.naer.edu.tw/ ezfiles/0/1000/attach/69/pta_1486_6914541_15401.doc】
- 教育部（2014）。十二年國民基本教育課程綱要總綱。取自https://www.naer.edu.tw/files/15- 1000-7944,c639-1.php?Lang=zh-tw 【Ministry of Education. (2014). The outline of 12-year basic education curriculum guide. Retrieved from https://www.naer.edu.tw/files/15-1000-7944,c639-1.php?Lang=zh-tw】
- 教育部（2018a）。十二年國民基本教育實施計畫。取自http://12basic.edu.tw/content.php?Parent No=8&LevelNo=8 【Ministry of Education. (2018a). The 12-year basic education program. Retrieved from http://12basic.edu.tw/ content.php?ParentNo=8&LevelNo=8】
- 教育部（2018b）。綜合高中資訊網：綜合高中中心學校。取自http://page.phsh.tyc.edu.tw/ com/introduct/introduct.htm 【Ministry of Education. (2018b). Comprehensive high school information network: The center schools of comprehensive high school. Retrieved from http://page.phsh.tyc.edu.tw/com/introduct/introduct.htm】
- 教育部（2018c）。高級中學規程。取自https://market.cloud.edu.tw/content/senior/computer/ks_ks/ teacher/eduinf/edulow/hs.htm 【Ministry of Education. (2018c). High school regulations. Retrieved from https://market.cloud.edu.tw/content/ senior/computer/ks_ks/teacher/eduinf/edulow/hs.htm】
- 教育部統計處（2018a）。各級學校學生結構。取自https://stats.moe.gov.tw/qframe.aspx?qno=Mw AzAA2 【Department of Statistics, Ministry of Education. (2018a). Composition of students by students at all levels. Retrieved from https://stats.moe.gov.tw/qframe.aspx?qno=MwAzAA2】
- 教育部統計處（2018b）。歷年校數、教師、班級、學生及畢業生數（39-102學年度暨57-105學年度）。取自http://depart.moe.edu.tw/ed4500/cp.aspx?n=1B58E0B736635285&s=D04C 74553DB60CAD 【Department of Statistics, Ministry of Education. (2018b). Number of schools, teachers, classes, students, and graduates (1940-2016). Retrieved from http://depart.moe.edu.tw/ed4500/cp.aspx?n=1B58E0B736635285&s= D04C74553DB60CAD】
- 教育部統計處（2018c）。各級教育學齡人口在學率─淨在學率。取自http://stats.moe.gov.tw/ files/time/study.htm 【Department of Statistics, Ministry of Education. (2018c). Enrollment rates of school: Net enrollment rates. Retrieved from http://stats.moe.gov.tw/files/time/study.htm】
- 許哲男（2007）。我國高中職學生價值觀之研究（未出版碩士論文）。國立臺北科技大學，臺北市。 【Hsu, C.-N. (2007). A study on values of senior high and senior vocational schools students in Taiwan (Unpublished master’s thesis). National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan.】
- 郭丁熒（2012）。民國30至80年代出生者對國民中小學好學生角色期望之比較。教育學誌，28，1-46。 【Guo, D.-Y. (2012). The comparison of expectations among persons borne between 1940s and 1990s on the good-student role in elementary and junior high schools. Journal of Education, 28, 1-46.】
- 郭丁熒（2016）。「恨鐵不成鋼」與「恰如其分」：不同年代出生者對目前大學生角色知覺之研究。教育學誌，36，1-54。 【Guo, D.-Y. (2016). The perceptions of different generations on the undergraduate roles. Journal of Education, 36, 1-54.】
- 郭義汶、吳清山（2017）。高級中等學校少子女化趨勢分析之研究。教育政策論壇，20（2），83-112。doi:10.3966/156082982017052002003 【Guo, Y.-W., & Wu, C.-S. (2017). A study on the trend of fewer children and its effects on senior high school enrollments. Educational Policy Forum, 20(2), 83-112. doi:10.3966/156082982017052002003】
- 陳承璋（2017，6月16日）。不看好12年國教，家長搶破頭把孩子送私中。遠見雜誌。取自https://www.gvm.com.tw/article.html?id=38312 【Chen, C.-Z. (2017, June 16). A pessimistic view about 12-year basic education: Parents made efforts to send their children to private high school. Global Views Monthly. Retrieved from https://www.gvm.com.tw/article. html?id=38312】
- 陳昭志、吳勁甫（2014）。檢視十二年國民基本教育政策：基於教育經濟學觀點。教育科學期刊，13（1），48-70。 【Chen, C.-C., & Wu, J.-F. (2014). Examining the 12-years basic education from the perspective of economics of education. The Journal of Educational Science, 13(1), 48-70.】
- 陳盛賢（2008）。十二年國民教育之政策論述（未出版博士論文）。國立臺灣師範大學，臺北市。 【Chen, S.-H. (2008). Policy discourse on the twelve-year compulsory education of Taiwan (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan.】
- 馮朝霖（2013）。十二年國教課綱系統圖像與全人教育觀念。載於國立臺灣大學生命教育研發育成中心主辦之「2013年第九屆生命教育學術研討會：生命教育與十二年國教」論文集（pp. 15-40），臺北市。 【Fong, T.-L. (2013). The system image of 12-year basic education curriculum guide and the concept of holistic education. In Life Education Center, National Taiwan University (Ed.), Symposium of “2013 9th Conference of Life Education: Life Education and 12-Year Basic Education” (pp. 15-40), Taipei, Taiwan.】
- 黃文三、張炳煌、潘道仁、馬向青、劉靖國（2012）。中等教育。臺北市：高等教育。 【Huang, W.-S., Chang, P.-H., Pan, T.-J., Ma, H.-C., & Liu, C.-K. (2012). Secondary education. Taipei, Taiwan: Higher Education.】
- 黃光國（1995）。知識與行動─中華文化傳統的社會心理詮釋。臺北市：心理。 【Hwang, K.-K. (1995). Knowledge and action: The social psychological interpretation of Chinese cultural tradition. Taipei, Taiwan: Psychological.】
- 黃明堂（2016，12月24日）。各顯功夫秀特色，高中職拚招生。自由時報。取自http://news. ltn.com.tw/news/local/paper/1065092 【Huang, M.-T. (2016, December 24). Feature shows: Both high schools and vocational high schools are making their efforts to enrolling students. Liberty Times. Retrieved from http://news.ltn.com.tw/news/local/paper/ 1065092】
- 黃俊傑（1982）。中國文化新論思想篇（二）：天道與人道。臺北市：聯經。 【Huang, C.-C. (1982). New discourse of Chinese culture thought (II): Cosmology and humanity. Taipei, Taiwan: Linking.】
- 黃柏叡（2004）。臺灣中等教育。載於鍾宜興（主編），各國中等教育（pp. 15-53）。高雄市：復文。 【Huang, B.-R. (2004). Taiwan secondary education. In Y.-H. Chung (Ed.), National secondary education (pp. 15-53). Kaohsiung, Taiwan: Fu-Wen.】
- 楊思偉（2006）。推動十二年國民教育政策之研究。教育研究集刊，52（2），1-31。 【Yang, S.-W. (2006). A study of policy of promoting the twelve-year public education program. Bulletin of Educational Research, 52(2), 1-31.】
- 楊思偉、陳盛賢（2012）。十二年國教下後期中等教育課程銜接性之分析。載於黃政傑（主編），十二年國教課程與教學改革：理念與方向的期許（pp. 23-41）。臺北市：五南。 【Yang, S.-W., & Chen, S.-H. (2012). The analysis of the connectivity in the postsecondary education curriculum of 12-year basic education. In J.-J. Hwang (Ed.), The reform of curriculum and teaching in 12-year basic education: Expectations of ideas and directions (pp. 23-41). Taipei, Taiwan: Wu-Nan Book.】
- 楊洲松（2000）。後現代知識論與教育。臺北市：師大書苑。 【Yang, C.-S. (2000). The postmodern knowledge discourse and education. Taipei, Taiwan: Lucky Bookstore.】
- 詹棟樑（2005）。中等教育。臺北市：師大書苑。 【Zhan, D.-L. (2005). Secondary education. Taipei, Taiwan: Lucky Bookstore.】
- 劉維人（2016）。雲端大腦時代：網路的出現，如何讓知識與權力產生典範轉移？人本教育札記，320，100-102。 【Liou, W.-J. (2016). Cloud brain era: How net makes a paradigm shift of knowledge and power. Humanistic Education Magazine, 320, 100-102.】
- 歐用生（1991）。內容分析法。載於黃光雄、簡茂發（主編），教育研究法（pp. 229-254）。臺北市：師大書苑。 【Ou, Y.-S. (1991). Content analysis. In K.-H. Huang & M.-F. Chien (Eds.), Methods in education research (pp. 229-254). Taipei, Taiwan: Lucky Bookstore.】
- 潘慧玲、周麗玉、陳佩英、周祝瑛、張碧娟、陳偉泓…李子瑋（2011）。「高中教育政策白皮書」工作計畫。教育部委託專案結案報告。臺北市：國立臺灣師範大學教育學系暨教育政策與行政研究所。 【Pan, H.-L., Chou, L.-Y., Chen, P.-Y., Chou, C.-P., Chang, P.-C., Chen, W.-H., …Li, Z.-W. (2011). The white paper of high-school-education policy. The Ministry of Education commissioned the project report. Taipei, Taiwan: Graduate Institute of Educational Policy and Administration, National Taiwan Normal University.】
- 蔡清田（2014）。十二年國教課程綱要核心素養。師友月刊，566，17-22。doi:10.6437/EM.201408_(556).004 【Tsai, C.-T. (2014). Core competencies of 12-year basic education curriculum guide. The Educator Monthly, 566, 17-22. doi:10.6437/EM.201408_(556).004】
- 錢穆（2004）。歷史與文化論叢。臺北市：東大。 【Chien, M. (2004). History and culture. Taipei, Taiwan: Dong Da.】
- 謝文全（1999）。中等教育：理論與實際。臺北市：五南。 【Hsieh, W.-C. (1999). Secondary education: Theory and practice. Taipei, Taiwan: Wu-Nan Book.】
- 顏佩如（2012）。十二年國教政策與課程芻議。載於黃政傑（主編），十二年國教課程與教學改革：理念與方向的期許（pp. 63-82）。臺北市：五南。 【Yen, P.-R. (2012). The policy and curriculum. In J.-J. Hwang (Ed.), The reform of curriculum and teaching in 12-year basic education: Expectations of ideas and directions (pp. 63-82). Taipei, Taiwan: Wu-Nan Book.】
- Berger, P. L., & Luckman, T.（1997）。知識社會學：社會實體的建構（鄒理民，譯）。臺北市：巨流。（原著出版於1989年） 【Berger, P. L., & Luckman, T. (1997). The social construction of reality: A treatise in the sociology of knowledge (L.-M. Zou, Trans.). Taipei, Taiwan: Chuliu. (Original work published 1989)】
- Miller, R.（2007）。學校為何存在？美國文化中的全人教育思想（張淑美、蔡淑敏，譯）。臺北市：心理。（原著出版於1997年） 【Miller, R. (2007). What are school for? Holistic education in America culture (S.-M. Chang & S.-M. Tsai, Trans.). Taipei, Taiwan: Psychological. (Original work published 1997)】
- Chabbott, C., & Ramirez, F. O. (2000). Development and education. In M. T. Hallinan (Ed.), Handbook of the sociology of education (pp. 163-187). New York, NY: Kluwer Academic/ Plenum.
- Cohen, J. E. (2006). Goals of universal basic and secondary education. Retrieved from http://lab. rockefeller.edu/cohenje/PDFs/331CohenGoalsOfEducationProspectsUNESCO200609.pdf
- Cohen, J. E. (2010). Goals of universal basic and secondary education. In J. E. Cohen & M. B. Malin (Eds.), International perspectives on the goals of universal basic and secondary education (pp. 3-39). New York, NY: Routledge.
- Inglis, A. J. (1918). Principles of secondary education. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
- Lyotard, J.-F. (1984). The postmodern condition: A report on knowledge. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
- Oxford Internet Institute. (2015). Here’s what the world looks like based on numbers of internetusers.Retrieved from http://www.sciencealert.com/here-s-what-the-world-looks-like-based- on-numbers-of-internet-users
- Trow, M. (1974). Problems in the transition from elite to mass higher education. In Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (Ed.), Policies for higher education (pp. 55-101). Paris, France: Editor.
- United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (1996). Report to UNESCO of the international commission on education for twenty-first century. Retrieved from http://www.unesco.org/education/pdf/15_62.pdf
- World Bank. (2017). Primary and secondary education: Overview. Retrieved from
http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/primarysecondaryeducation/overview#1