（專題）數位時代下媒體素養教育政策再思考
作者:
國立臺灣師範大學大眾傳播研究所林玉鵬、國立臺灣師範大學大眾傳播研究所王維菁、國立臺灣師範大學大眾傳播研究所陳炳宏
卷期：65卷第1期
日期：2020年3月
頁碼：115-136
DOI：10.6209/JORIES.202003_65(1).0005
摘要：
教育部自2002年公布《媒體素養教育政策白皮書》以來，至今未再提出修正或新版的全國性媒體素養教育政策。然而，現今媒體環境已有相當大的改變，例如從社群媒體到自媒體，乃至新興的人工智慧科技，這些新科技的出現，意味著我們很難再用原有的框架去思考現今的媒體素養教育政策。因此，《媒體素養教育政策白皮書》實有必要修正及更新。本研究透過檢視媒體素養政策文獻和臺灣媒體素養政策回顧，對數位網路時代的媒體素養教育政策提出五個建議方向：一、重新思考「媒體素養」概念，解析新媒體環境生態；二、建立以「創用者」（prosumer）為主的媒體素養─符合現今數位脈絡，閱聽眾不只是被動的閱聽眾，已同時具備生產和接收的角色，因此在政策思維應朝此方向調整；三、建構數位網路時代的資訊判斷能力，以面對全球性的假新聞議題；四、人工智慧、演算法、大數據與傳播知能議題—同步培養防治面和積極面的相關媒體素養，避免再度落入保護主義式的媒體素養；五、建立一貫體系，培養完整師資與持續性的支持系統─政府各部門能通力合作，使媒體素養政策能更有效執行，同時從國家教育、高等教育和社會教育三方面著手，培育種子教師，以建立和培養強大的數位媒體素養教育網絡。
關鍵詞：媒體素養、媒體素養教育政策、數位網路時代
《詳全文》
參考文獻：
- 江宜芷、林子斌、孫宇安（2018）。理解媒體素養：以大學生的批判性消費素養認知為例。（1），1-38。 【Chiang, Y.-C., Lin, T.-B., & Sun, Y.-A. (2018). Unpacking media literacy: Exploring undergraduate students’ understanding towards critical consuming. Journal of Educational Practice and Research, 31(1), 1-38.】
- 成露茜、羅曉南（主編）（2009）。批判的媒體識讀。臺北市：正中。 【Chen, L.-S., & Lo, S.-N. (Eds.). (2009). Critical media literacy. Taipei, Taiwan: Cheng Chung.】
- 何吉森（2018）。假新聞之監理與治理探討。傳播研究與實踐，8（2），1-41。doi:10.6123/ JCRP.2018.07_8(2).0001 【Ho, C.-S. (2018). The governance and supervision of fake news. Journal of Communication Research and Practice, 8(2), 1-41. doi:10.6123/JCRP.2018.07_8(2).0001】
- 李佩綺（2019）。數位時代之媒體素養教育融入中小學課程。臺灣教育評論月刊，8（3），259-267。 【Lee, P.-C. (2019). Media literacy education integrated into elementary and junior school curriculum. Taiwan Educational Review Monthly, 8(3), 259-267.】
- 吳尚軒（2019，4月25日）。人人都要認識假新聞！媒體素養10年來首列教育部終身學習圈課程。風傳媒。取自https://www.storm.mg/article/1216375 【Wu, S.-S. (2019, April 25). Everyone should understand fake news! Media literacy is listed in lifelong learning curricula since 10 years. Storm. Retrieved from https://www.storm.mg/article/1216375】
» 展開更多
- 江宜芷、林子斌、孫宇安（2018）。理解媒體素養：以大學生的批判性消費素養認知為例。（1），1-38。 【Chiang, Y.-C., Lin, T.-B., & Sun, Y.-A. (2018). Unpacking media literacy: Exploring undergraduate students’ understanding towards critical consuming. Journal of Educational Practice and Research, 31(1), 1-38.】
- 成露茜、羅曉南（主編）（2009）。批判的媒體識讀。臺北市：正中。 【Chen, L.-S., & Lo, S.-N. (Eds.). (2009). Critical media literacy. Taipei, Taiwan: Cheng Chung.】
- 何吉森（2018）。假新聞之監理與治理探討。傳播研究與實踐，8（2），1-41。doi:10.6123/ JCRP.2018.07_8(2).0001 【Ho, C.-S. (2018). The governance and supervision of fake news. Journal of Communication Research and Practice, 8(2), 1-41. doi:10.6123/JCRP.2018.07_8(2).0001】
- 李佩綺（2019）。數位時代之媒體素養教育融入中小學課程。臺灣教育評論月刊，8（3），259-267。 【Lee, P.-C. (2019). Media literacy education integrated into elementary and junior school curriculum. Taiwan Educational Review Monthly, 8(3), 259-267.】
- 吳尚軒（2019，4月25日）。人人都要認識假新聞！媒體素養10年來首列教育部終身學習圈課程。風傳媒。取自https://www.storm.mg/article/1216375 【Wu, S.-S. (2019, April 25). Everyone should understand fake news! Media literacy is listed in lifelong learning curricula since 10 years. Storm. Retrieved from https://www.storm.mg/article/1216375】
- 吳美美（2004）。資訊素養與媒體素養—數位時代的素養與素養教育。臺灣教育，629，9-14。doi:10.6395/TER.200410.0009 【Wu, M.-M. (2004). Information literacy and media literacy: Literacy and literacy education in a digital time. Taiwan Education Review, 629, 9-14. doi:10.6395/TER.200410.0009】
- 吳翠珍（2006）。媒體素養是什麼？媒體素養的核心概念。北縣教育，58，23-26。 【Wu, T.-J. (2006). What is media literacy? A core concept of media literacy. Taipei County Education, 58, 23-26.】
- 吳翠珍、陳世敏（主編）（2007）。媒體素養教育。臺北市：巨流。 【Wu, T.-J., & Chen, S.-M. (Eds.). (2007). Media literacy education. Taipei, Taiwan: Chiuliu.】
- 呂傑華、白亦方（2012）。媒體素養教育與課程實踐歷程之再思與展望。課程與教學，15（1），1-34。doi:10.6384/CIQ.201201.0002 【Lu, C.-H., & Pai, Y.-F. (2012). Re-thinking the implementation of media literacy education and curriculum. Curriculum & Instruction Quarterly, 15(1), 1-34. doi:10.6384/CIQ.201201.0002】
- 呂傑華、秦梅心（2008）。花蓮縣國小教師電視媒體素養內涵認知及媒體素養教育實踐之研究。社會科教育研究，13，265-294。doi:10.6556/TJSSER.2008.13.12 【Lu, C.-H., & Cin, M.-S. (2008). A survey study on the TV media literacy and the pratice of media literacy education of the Hua-lien elementary school teachers. The Journal of Social Studies Education Research, 13, 265-294. doi:10.6556/TJSSER.2008.13.12】
- 呂傑華、陳逸雯（2009）。參與媒體素養研習之國民小學教師實施媒體素養教育之調查研究。教育實踐與研究，22（1），1-39。doi:10.6776/JEPR.200906.0001 【Lu, C.-H., & Chen, Y.-W. (2009). A survey study of the implementation of media literacy education by the trained teachers for media literacy in elementary schools. Journal of Educational Practice and Research, 22(1), 1-39. doi:10.6776/JEPR.200906.0001】
- 洪貞玲、管中祥（2006）。社區媒體素養推廣工作之評估與研究：以社區大學為例研究報告。臺北市：教育部。 【Hong, C.-L., & Kuang, C.-S. (2006). The evaluation and research of promoting media literacy in communities: The case of community college. Taipei, Taiwan: Ministry of Education.】
- 翁秀琪（2013）。新素養與21世紀的傳播教育－以新素養促進公共／公民參與。傳播研究與實踐，3（1），91-115。doi:10.6123/JCRP.2013.005 【Weng, S.-C. (2013). New literacies and communication education in 21st century: How to enhance public participation with new literacies. Journal of Communication Research and Practice, 3(1), 91-115. doi:10. 6123/JCRP.2013.005】
- 高敬原（2017，11月15日）。〈網路自由度開倒車？全球30個國家操弄社群輿論，靠洗版帶風向〉，《數位時代》。取自https://www.bnext.com.tw/article/47041/freedom-net-2017 【Gao, J.-Y. (2017, November 15). Freedom on the Net reverses? Thirty countries manipulate social media and public opinion. Retrived from https://www.bnext.com.tw/article/47041/freedom-net-2017】
- 陳世敏、吳翠珍（2014）。傳播教育通識化的途徑。載於陳炳宏、柯舜智、黃聿清（主編），教學與學教—高等教育媒體素養教學參考手冊（pp. 41-83）。臺北市：國立臺灣師範大學。 【Chen, S.-H., & Wu, T.-J. (2014). Approach to general education of communication education. In P.-H. Chen, S.-Z. Ko, & Y.-C. Huang (Eds.), Teaching and learning to teach: Handbook of media literacy in higher education (pp. 41-83). Taipei, Taiwan: National Taiwan Normal University.】
- 陳佩英（2017）。對話即實踐：網絡學習社群專業資本積累之個案研究。教育科學研究期刊，62（3），159-191。doi:10.6209/jories.2017.62(3).06 【Chen, P.-Y. (2017). Dialogue as practice: A case study on the accumulation of professional capital by the networked learning communities. Journal of Research in Education Sciences, 62(3), 159-191. doi:10.6209/ jories.2017.62(3).06】
- 陳炳宏、柯舜智、黃聿清（主編）（2014）。教學與學教－高等教育媒體素養教學參考手冊。臺北市：國立臺灣師範大學。 【Chen, P.-H., Ko, S.-Z., & Huang, Y.-C. (Eds.). (2014). Teaching and learning to teach: Handbook of media literacy in higher education. Taipei, Taiwan: National Taiwan Normal University.】
- 陳炳宏（2019，1月20日）。108課綱「科技資訊與媒體素養」係瞎米？談如何落實媒體素養教育〔批媒‧眉批－陳炳宏的部落格〕。取自http://pxc24.blogspot.com/2019/01/108.html 【Chen, P.-H. (2019, January 20). Directions governing for the 12-year basic education curricula: What is technological information and media literacy? On how to implementing media literacy education [Chen Ping-Hung’s blog]. Retrieved from http://pxc24.blogspot.com/2019/01/108.html】
- 陳雅萱、辜子桓、陳芃謹、郭宜婷（2011）。媒體識讀教育的回顧與反思。載於林玉鵬（主編），媒體改革漫漫長路—紀錄與省思（1999-2009）（pp. 232-245）。臺北市：臺灣媒體觀察教育基金會。 【Chen, Y.-H., Ko, Z.-H., Chen, P.-J., & Kuo, Y.-T. (2011). The review and reflection of media literacy education. In Y.-P. Lin (Ed.), Long road to media reform (pp. 232-245). Taipei, Taiwan: Media Watch.】
- 陳順孝（2014）。創用者的媒體素養。載於陳炳宏、柯舜智、黃聿清（主編），教學與學教－高等教育媒體素養教學參考手冊（pp. 173-184）。臺北市：國立臺灣師範大學。 【Chen, S.-H. (2014). Media literacy of prosumers. In P.-H. Chen, S.-Z. Ko, & Y.-C. Huang (Eds.), Teaching and learning to teach: Handbook of media literacy in higher education (pp. 173-184). Taipei, Taiwan: National Taiwan Normal University.】
- 教育部（2002）。媒體素養教育政策白皮書。臺北市：作者。 【Ministry of Education. (2002). White Paper on Media Literacy Policy. Taipei, Taiwan: Author.】
- 教育部（2008）。教育部中小學資訊教育白皮書2008-2011。臺北市：作者。 【Ministry of Education. (2008). White Paper on elementary and junior high school2008-2011. Taipei, Taiwan: Author.】
- 教育部（2010）。2010創造公眾數位機會白皮書。臺北市：作者。 【Ministry of Education. (2010). White Paper on creating digital opportunities for the public. Taipei, Taiwan: Author.】
- 教育部（2014）。十二年國民基本教育程綱要總綱（教育部發布版）。新北市：國家教育研究院。 【Ministry of Education. (2014). Directions governing for the 12-year basic education curricula. New Taipei, Taiwan: National Academy for Educational Research.】
- 張宏源、蔡念中（2005）。媒體識讀：從認識媒體產業、媒體教育，到解讀媒體文本。臺北市：亞太圖書。 【Chang, H.-Y., & Tsai, N.-Z. (2005). Media literacy: From understanding media industry, media education to interpreting media texts. Taipei, Taiwan: Ya-Tai.】
- 乾隆來（2018）。不是臺灣獨有 大選假新聞成全球流行病。今週刊。取自https://www.business today.com.tw/article/category/80398/post/201811070021/%E4%B8%8D%E6%98%AF%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E7%8D%A8%E6%9C%89%20%20%E5%A4%A7%E9%81%B8%E5%81%87%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E6%88%90%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85 【Chien, R.-L. (2018). Fake news become globally epidemic not limited to Taiwan. Business Today. Rereieved from https://www.businesstoday.com.tw/article/category/80398/post/201811070021/%E4%B8%8D%E6%98%AF%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E7%8D%A8%E6%9C%89%20%20%E5%A4%A7%E9%81%B8%E5%81%87%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E6%88%90%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85】
- 黃哲斌（2017，11月12日）。火星人入侵？這次，來自克里姆林宮。天下雜誌。取自https:// opinion.cw.com.tw/blog/profile/51/article/6325 【Huang, T.-B. (2017, November 12). Invasion of Martian? This time from Kremlin. CommonWealth Magazine. Retrieved from https://opinion.cw.com.tw/blog/profile/51/article/6325】
- 管中祥（2010）。德智兼修、手腦並用：成露茜的傳播教育理念與實踐。中華傳播學刊，17，3-28。doi:10.6195/cjcr.2010.17.01 【Kuang, C.-S. (2010). Bearing virtues and intelligence, working with hands and minds: Lucie Cheng’s ideal and practice of communication education. Chinese Journal of Communication Research, 17, 3-28. doi:10.6195/ cjcr.2010.17.01】
- 臺灣媒體觀察教育基金會（2012）。媒體素養發展沿革與概況。取自http://www.mediawatch. org.tw/work/literacy/development 【Taiwan Media Watch. (2012). The development of media literacy. Retrieved from http://www.mediawatch.org.tw/ work/literacy/development】
- 劉慧雯（2015）。從媒體素養到新素養：試論教學策略與認識論的轉變。中華傳播學刊，27，67-98。doi:10.6195/cjcr.2015.27.03 【Liu, H.-W. (2015). From media literacy to new literacies: Toward a task-oriented teaching design. Chinese Journal of Communication Research, 27, 67-98. doi:10.6195/cjcr.2015.27.03】
- 蔡蕙如（2015）。「媒體識讀」作為實踐「媒體改革」的反思。新聞學研究，127，119-152。 【Tsai, H.-J. (2015). Promoting media literacy’as practicing “media reform”: Reflecting on personal experiences. Mass Communication Research, 127, 119-152.】
- 蕭維傑、王維菁（2018）。動態消息演算法、能見度、與新聞經營：以Facebook平台為例。資訊社會研究，34，63-104。doi:10.29843/JCCIS.201801(34).0003 【Xiao, W.-J., & Wang, W.-C. (2018). The news feed algorithm, visibility, and newsbusiness: Using facebook as an example. Journal of Cyber Culture and Information Society, 34, 63-104. doi:10.29843/JCCIS.201801(34). 0003】
- 羅世宏（2018）。關於「假新聞」的批判思考：老問題、新挑戰與可能的多重解方。資訊社會研究，35，51-85。doi:10.29843/JCCIS.201807_(35).0003 【Lo, S.-H. (2018). A critical thinking on “fake news”: Old problems, new challenges and possible solutions. Journal of Cyber Culture and Information Society, 35, 51-85. doi:10.29843/JCCIS.201807_(35).0003】
- 蘇威全、方璇（2019，3月5日）。探討大阪處長蘇啟誠之死，NHK：假新聞危害社會。蘋果日報。取自https://tw.appledaily.com/new/realtime/20190305/1527380/ 【Su, W.-C., & Fang, S. (2019, March 5). Discussing the death of Su Chii-cherng, Taiwan’s representative in Osaka. NHK: Fake news endangers the society. Apple Daily. Retrived from https://tw.appledaily.com/new/realtime/ 20190305/1527380/】
- Anderson, B., & Horvath, B. (2017). The rise of the weaponized AI propaganda machine. Retrieved from https://medium.com/join-scout/the-rise-of-the-weaponized-ai-propaganda-machine-86dac61668b
- Auberry, K. (2018). Increasing students’ ability to identify fake news through information literacy education and content management systems. The Reference Librarian, 59(4), 179-187. doi:10.1080/02763877.2018.1489935
- Aufderheide, P. (1993). Media literacy: A report of the national leadership conference on media literacy. Washington, DC: Aspen Institute.
- Buckingham, D. (2010). The future of media literacy in the digital age: Some challenges for policy and practice. In P. Verniers (Ed.), Media literacy in Europe: Controversies, challenges and perspectives (pp. 13-24). Brussels, Belgium: EuroMeduc.
- Buckingham, D. (2019). Teaching media in a “post-truth” age: Fake news, media bias and the challenge for media literacy education. Cultura y Educación, 31(2), 1-19.
- Chen, D. T., Lin, T. B., Li, J. Y., & Lee, L. (2018). Establishing the norm of new media literacy of Singaporean students: Implications to policy and pedagogy. Computers and Education, 124, 1-13. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2018.04.010
- D’Ignazio, C., & Bhargav, R. (2015). Approaches to building big data literacy. Retrieved from https://dam-prod.media.mit.edu/x/2016/10/20/Edu_D’Ignazio_52.pdf
- De Abreu, B. S., Mihailidis, P., Lee, A. Y.-L., Melki, J., & McDougall, J. (2017). Arc of research and central issues in media literacy education. In B. S. De Abreu, P. Mihailidis, A. Y.-L. Lee, J. Melki, & J. McDougall (Eds.), International handbook of media literacy education (pp. 1-16). London, UK: Routledge.
- de Haldevang, M. (2017). The rise of the weaponized AI propaganda machine. Retrieved from https://qz.com/1104195/russian-political-hacking-the-internet-research-agency-troll-farm-by-the-numbers/
- European Commission. (2019). Ethics guidelines for trustworthy AI. Retrieved from https://ec. europa.eu/futurium/en/ai-alliance-consultation
- Frau-Meigs, D., Velez, I., & Michel, J. F. (2017). Mapping media and information literacy policies: New perspectives for the governance of MIL. In D. Frau-Meigs, I. Velez, & J. F. Michel (Eds.), Public policies in media and information literacy in Europe (pp. 19-88). London, UK: Routledge.
- Garcia-Ruiz, R., Ramirez-Garcia, A., & Rodriguez-Rosell, M. M. (2014). Media literacy education for a new prosumer citizenship. Media Education Research Journal, 43, 15-23. doi:10.3916/ C43-2014-01
- Gilster, P. (1997). Digital literacy. New York, NY: Wiley.
- Harton, C. (2018, November 22). Specter of meddling by Beijing looms over Taiwan’s elections. New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/22/world/asia/taiwan- elections-meddling.html
- Jenkins, H. (2006). Convergence culture: Where old and new media collide. New York, NY: New York University Press.
- Jenkins, H., & Thorburn, D. (Eds.). (2003). Democracy and new media. Media in transition. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Livingstone, S. (2011). Media literacy for all? On the intellectual and political challenges of implementing media literacy policy. In Sonia Livingstone (Ed.), Media literacy: Ambitions, policies and measures (pp. 31-35). London, UK: London School of Economics and Political Science.
- Mackey, T. P., & Jacobson, T. E. (2011). Reframing information literacy as a metaliteracy. College, Research, Libraries, 72(1), 62-78. doi:10.5860/crl-76r1
- Mager, A. (2014). Defining algorithmic ideology: Using ideology critique to scrutinize corporate search engines. Triple C: Communication, Capitalism and Critique, 12(1), 28-39.
- Szeto, E., Cheng, A. Y. N., & Hong, J. C. (2016). Learning with social media: How do preservice teachers integrate YouTube and social media in teaching? Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 25(1), 35-44. doi:10.1007/s40299-015-0230-9
- Thompson, D. S. (2019). Teaching students to critically read digital images: A visual literacy approach using the DIG method. Journal of Visual Literacy, 38(1-2), 110-119. doi:10.1080/1051144X.2018. 1564604
- United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2013). Media and information literacy: Policy and strategy guidelines. Paris, France: Author.
- Toffler, A. (1984). The third wave. New York, NY: Bantam Books.
- Wallis, R., & Buckingham, D. (2013). Arming the citizen-consumer: The invention of “media literacy” within UK communications policy. European Journal of Communication, 28(5), 527-540. doi:10.1177/0267323113483605
- Wallis, R., & Buckingham, D. (2019). Media literacy: The UK’s undead cultural policy. International Journal of Cultural Policy, 25(2), 188-203. doi:10.1080/10286632.2016.1229314
Journal directory listing - Volume 65 (2020) - Journal of Research in Education Sciences【65(1)】March (Special Issue: Language and Culture Education Policies)
(Special Issue) Rethinking Media Literacy Policy in the Digital Era
Author: Yu-Peng Lin (Graduate Institute of Mass Communication, National Taiwan Normal University), Wei-Ching Wang (Graduate Institute of Mass Communication, National Taiwan Normal University), Ping-Hung Chen (Graduate Institute of Mass Communication, National Taiwan Normal University)
Vol.&No.：Vol. 65, No.1
Date：March 2020
Pages：115-136
DOI：10.6209/JORIES.202003_65(1).0005
Abstract：
A white paper on media literacy policy emphasizing two focal points—liberation and empowerment—was released in Taiwan in 2002. These points appropriately reflected the media environment at that time and indicated the measures that the government should undertake to improve media literacy. However, due to the drastic changes in the digital environment, such as the dissemination of fake news and the use of artificial intelligence, this white paper policy should be modified to address this new environment. The aim of this study was to propose a future direction for media literacy policy. A literature review on media literacy policy demonstrated that the policy approach should include digital innovation. Subsequently, this study reviewed the nationwide media literacy policies implemented in Taiwan since 2002. The review results indicated that these policies gradually shifted focus towards the digital evolution of media but lacked the complete planning required to realize a coherent system. Consequently, this study suggested the following five feasible future directions: (1) shifting the focus of media literacy in policies and understanding the new media environment, (2) developing a concept of a media literacy-based prosumer, (3) developing information judgment literacy in the digital internet era, (4) focusing on the topics of artificial intelligence, algorithms, and big data, and (5) establishing a coherent system that cultivates qualified teachers and is sustainably supported. Finally, this study called for a new white paper to be urgently released.
Keywords：media literacy, media literacy policy, digital internet era