在高齡社會的趨勢下，高齡者的心理健康相關議題日益重要。透過終身學習能使高齡者不斷參與活動、活化大腦、增加人際連結，對高齡者的心理健康有相當大的助益。在這當中，什麼樣的高齡學習者最快樂呢？本研究目的即以初探性的方式勾勒出高齡學習者的樣貌，藉由發放837份問卷評估樂齡學習中心高齡者的幸福感、寂寞感及自尊，並針對高齡者參與課程的時間、課程的多元性及在學習中擔任身分的多元性將高齡者進行分類，觀察上述參與型態對高齡學習者的影響。結果發現，參與課程時間愈長者，幸福感及自尊都愈高；參與課程愈多元者，寂寞感較低；而身分愈多元者除幸福感、自尊較高外，寂寞感亦較低。本研究試著描繪出高齡學習者的學習特徵與各項重要心理適應變項間的關聯，發現能夠持續參與課程、多元學習及在學習過程中同時擔任多元角色的高齡者心理健康較佳。根據此研究結論，建議樂齡學習中心為高齡長輩開設課程時能關注高齡者持續參與的情形，並鼓勵參與多樣化的課程，並由學員回流成為課程助教或擔任中心志工以增加多元的角色，期使高齡者能更樂在學習中。

» 展開更多

1. 內政部（2019）。中華民國內政部三月份統計月報。作者。 【Ministry of the Interior. (2019). Monthly bulletin of interior statistics Republic of China in March. Author.】
2. 王等元（2018）。我國高齡教育基本權的憲法基礎探究：終身學習權保障觀點。教育科學研究期刊，63（2），1-24。https://doi.org/10.6209/JORIES.201806_63(2).0001 【Wang, D.-Y. (2018). Study of the constitutional foundations of the right to senior education in Taiwan: A lifelong-learning-right perspective. Journal of Research in Education Sciences, 63(2), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.6209/JORIES.201806_63(2).0001】
3. 李仁豪、余民寧（2014）。臺灣中老年人外向性及神經質人格、社會支持與主觀幸福感關係之模型建構及其結構係數比較。教育心理學報，45（4），455-474。https://doi.org/10.6251/BEP.20130725 【Li, R.-H., & Yu, M.-N. (2014). Modeling extraversion and neurotic personality, social support, and subjective well-being of the middle-aged and older people in Taiwan: Comparison of structural models. Bulletin of Educational Psychology, 45(4), 455-474. https://doi.org/10.6251/BEP.20130725】
4. 林麗惠（2004）。高齡者生活滿意度之調查研究。玄奘社會科學學報，2，45-84。 【Lin, L.-H. (2004). The investigation of older adults’ life satisfaction. Hsuan Chuang Journal of Social Sciences, 2, 45-84.】
5. 施懿真（2008）。喪偶老人社會支持與寂寞感之關係及其調節變項之研究（未出版碩士論文）。國立嘉義大學。 【Shih, Y. (2008). The relation between social support and loneliness of elderly widow(er)s and examination of moderating effect [Unpublished master’s thesis]. National Chiayi University.】
6. 莊雅琇（2014）。老年人疏離感與生活滿意度之關係研究（未出版碩士論文）。國立屏東教育大學。 【Chuang, Y.-H. (2014). The relationship between the alienation and life satisfaction for the elderly [Unpublished master’s thesis]. National Pingtung University of Education.】
7. 黃富順（2009）。我國屆齡退休人員及高齡者參與學習需求意向調查研究。成人及終身教育雙月刊，24，23-34。 【Huang, F.-S. (2009). Investigation on Learning Needs of Senior Citizens in Taiwan. Adult and Lifelong Education Bimonthly, 24, 23-34.】
8. 黃富順（2011）。全國老人生活幸福感調查研究。成人及終身教育雙月刊，33，12-22。 【Huang, F.-S. (2011). The survey of well-being for elderly. Adult and Lifelong Education Bimonthly, 33, 12-22.】
9. 黃富順、林麗惠、吳淑娟（2010）。全國老年生活幸福感調查研究。玄奘大學。 【Huang, F.-S., Lin, L.-H., & Wu, S.-J. (2010). The survey of well-being for elderly. Hsuan Chuang University.】
10. 劉懿儀、朱芬郁（2018）。園藝治療方案對失智症老人正向情緒與福祉效益之研究。教育科學研究期刊，63（3），257-289。https://doi.org/10.6209/JORIES.201809_63(3).0009 【Liu, Y.-I., & Chu, F.-Y. (2018). Effect of a horticultural therapy program on the emotional well-being of older adults with dementia. Journal of Research in Education Sciences, 63(3), 257-289. https://doi.org/10.6209/JORIES.201809_63(3).0009】
11. Adams, K. B., Sanders, S., & Auth, E. A. (2004). Loneliness and depression in independent living retirement communities: Risk and resilience factors. Aging & Mental Health, 8(6), 475-485. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607860410001725054
12. Anderson, N. D., Damianakis, T., Kröger, E., Wagner, L. M., Dawson, D. R., Binns, M. A., Bernstein, S., Caspi, E., Cook, S. L., & The BRAVO Team. (2014). The benefits associated with volunteering among seniors: A critical review and recommendations for future research. Psychological Bulletin, 140(6), 1505-1533. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037610
13. Argyle, M. (2001). The psychology of happiness (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315812212
14. Arslantaş, H., Adana, F., Ergin, F. A., Kayar, D., & Acar, G. (2015). Loneliness in elderly people, associated factors and its correlation with quality of life: A field study from Western Turkey. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 44(1), 43-50.
15. Batterham, P. J., Christensen, H., & Mackinnon, A. J. (2012). Mental health symptoms associated with morbidity, not mortality, in an elderly community sample. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 47, 79-85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-010-0313-0
16. Bowling, A., & Iliffe, S. (2011). Psychological approach to successful ageing predicts future quality of life in older adults. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 9, 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-9-13
17. Chang, H., Dong, X., & MacPhail, F. (2011). Labor migration and time use patterns of the left-behind children and elderly in rural China. World Development, 39(12), 2199-2210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.05.021
18. Chen, Y., & Feeley, T. H. (2014). Social support, social strain, loneliness, and well-being among older adults: An analysis of the health and retirement study. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 31(2), 141-161. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407513488728
19. Cooley, C. H. (1902). Human nature and the social order. Schocken Books.
20. Crewdson, J. A. (2016). The effect of loneliness in the elderly population: A review. Healthy Aging & Clinical Care in the Elderly, 8(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.4137/HACCE.S35890
21. Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), 542-575. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.542
22. Diener, E., & Diener, M. (1995). Cross-cultural correlates of life satisfaction and self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(4), 653-663. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.68.4.653
23. Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
24. Eaker, E. D., Sullivan, L. M., Kelly-Hayes, M., D’Agostino Sr., R. B., & Benjamin, E. J. (2005). Tension and anxiety and the prediction of the 10-year incidence of coronary heart disease, atrial fibrillation, and total mortality: The framingham offspring study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 67(5), 692-696. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.psy.0000174050.87193.96
25. Fengler, A. P. (1984). Life satisfaction of subpopulations of elderly: The comparative effects of volunteerism, employment, and meal site participation. Research on Aging, 6(2), 189-212. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027584006002003
26. Golden, J., Conroy, R. M., Bruce, I., Denihan, A., Greene, E., Kirby, M., & Lawlor, B. A. (2009). Loneliness, social support networks, mood and wellbeing in community-dwelling elderly. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: A Journal of the Psychiatry of Late Life and Allied Sciences, 24(7), 694-700. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.2181
27. Hansson, R. O., & Carpenter, B. N. (1994). Relationships in old age: Coping with the challenge of transition. The Guilford Press.
28. Hartup, W. W., & Stevens, N. (1999). Friendships and adaptation across the life span. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 8(3), 76-79. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00018
29. He, F., Cao, R., Feng, Z., Guan, H., & Peng, J. (2013). The impacts of dispositional optimism and psychological resilience on the subjective well-being of burn patients: A structural equation modelling analysis. PloS One, 8(12), e82939. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0082939
30. Herzog, A. R., Kahn, R. L., Morgan, J. N., Jackson, J. S., & Antonucci, T. C. (1989). Age differences in productive activities. Journal of Gerontology, 44(4), S129-S138. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/44.4.S129
31. Hori, S., & Cusack, S. (2006). Third-age education in Canada and Japan: Attitudes toward aging and participation in learning. Educational Gerontology, 32(6), 463-481. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601270600685677
32. Hunter, K. I., & Linn, M. W. (1981). Psychosocial differences between elderly volunteers and non-volunteers. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 12(3), 205-213. https://doi.org/10.2190/0H6V-QPPP-7JK4-LR38
33. Kitayama, S., & Markus, H. R. (2000). The pursuit of happiness and the realization of sympathy: Cultural patterns of self, social relations, and well-being. In E. Diener & E. M. Suh (Eds.), Culture and subjective well-being (pp. 113-162). MIT Press.
34. Kool, M. B., van Middendorp, H., Lumley, M. A., Bijlsma, J. W., & Geenen, R. (2013). Social support and invalidation by others contribute uniquely to the understanding of physical and mental health of patients with rheumatic diseases. Journal of Health Psychology, 18(1), 86-95. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105312436438
35. Krause, N. (1987). Chronic financial strain, social support, and depressive symptoms among older adults. Psychology and Aging, 2(2), 185-192. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.2.2.185
36. Lee, C., & Russell, A. (2003). Effects of physical activity on emotional well-being among older Australian women: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 54(2), 155-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3999(02)00414-2
37. Lee, M.-J., Wu, W.-C., Chang, H.-C., Chen, H.-J., Lin, W.-S., Feng, J. Y., & Lee, T. S.-H. (2020). Effectiveness of a school-based life skills program on emotional regulation and depression among elementary school students: A randomized study. Children and Youth Services Review, 118, 105464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105464
38. Lee, S., Koffer, R. E., Sprague, B. N., Charles, S. T., Ram, N., & Almeida, D. M. (2018). Activity diversity and its associations with psychological well-being across adulthood. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 73(6), 985-995. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbw118
39. Lin, N., & Ensel, W. M. (1989). Life stress and health: Stressors and resources. American Sociological Review, 54(3), 382-399. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095612
40. Lyubomirsky, S., & Lepper, H. S. (1999). A measure of subjective happiness: Preliminary reliability and construct validation. Social Indicators Research, 46, 137-155. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006824100041
41. Mai, M. Y., & Alhoot, A. A. F. (2016). Modeling the relation between self-esteem, loneliness and engagement as factors of children achievement in science. European Journal of Social Science Education and Research, 3(1), 107-120. https://doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v6i1.p107-120
42. Mowday, R. T., Porter, L. W., & Steers, R. M. (1982). Employee-organization linkages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover. Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2013-0-11207-X
43. Musick, M. A., Herzog, A. R., & House, J. S. (1999). Volunteering and mortality among older adults: Findings from a national sample. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 54(3), S173-S180. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/54B.3.S173
44. Netz, Y., Wu, M.-J., Becker, B. J., & Tenenbaum, G. (2005). Physical activity and psychological well-being in advanced age: A meta-analysis of intervention studies. Psychology and Aging, 20(2), 272-284. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.20.2.272
45. Nutbeam, D. (1998). Comprehensive strategies for health promotion for older people: Past lessons and future opportunities. Australasian Journal on Ageing, 17(3), 120-127. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6612.1998.tb00051.x
46. Omoto, A. M., & Snyder, M. (1995). Sustained helping without obligation: Motivation, longevity of service, and perceived attitude change among AIDS volunteers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(4), 671-686. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.68.4.671
47. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2019). Measuring well-being and progress: Well-being research. https://www.oecd.org/statistics/measuring-well-being-and-progress.htm
48. Peng, J., Miao, D., & Xiao, W. (2013). Why are gainers more risk seeking. Judgment and Decision Making, 8(2), 150-160.
49. Penner, L. A., & Finkelstein, M. A. (1998). Dispositional and structural determinants of volunteerism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(2), 525-537. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.2.525
50. Portero, C. F., & Oliva, A. (2007). Social support, psychological well-being, and health among the elderly. Educational Gerontology, 33(12), 1053-1068. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601270701700458
51. Prince, M. J., Harwood, R. H., Blizard, R. A., Thomas, A., & Mann, A. H. (1997). Social support deficits, loneliness and life events as risk factors for depression in old age. The Gospel Oak Project VI. Psychological Medicine, 27(2), 323-332. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291796004485
52. Rosenberg, M. (1979). Conceiving the self. Basic Books.
53. Şahin, D. S., Özer, Ö., & Yanardağ, M. Z. (2019). Perceived social support, quality of life and satisfaction with life in elderly people. Educational Gerontology, 45(1), 69-77. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601277.2019.1585065
54. Savikko, N., Routasalo, P., Tilvis, R. S., Strandberg, T. E., & Pitkälä, K. H. (2005). Predictors and subjective causes of loneliness in an aged population. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 41(3), 223-233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2005.03.002
55. Staats, S., Armstrong-Stassen, M., & Partilo, C. (1995). Student well-being: Are they better off now? Social Indicators Research, 34, 93-112. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01078969
56. Swindell, R., & Vassella, K. (1999). Money talks: Ascribing a dollar value to voluntarism in Australian and New Zealand U3As. Australasian Journal on Ageing, 18(1), 19-22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6612.1999.tb00083.x
57. Tian, Q. (2016). Intergeneration social support affects the subjective well-being of the elderly: Mediator roles of self-esteem and loneliness. Journal of Health Psychology, 21(6), 1137-1144. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105314547245
58. Vahedi, S., & Nazari, M. A. (2011). The relationship between self-alienation, spiritual well-being, economic situation and satisfaction of life: A structural equation modeling approach. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 5(1), 64-73.
59. van Baarsen, B. (2002). Theories on coping with loss: The impact of social support and self-esteem on adjustment to emotional and social loneliness following a partner’s death in later life. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 57(1), S33-S42. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/57.1.S33
60. van Willigen, M. (2000). Differential benefits of volunteering across the life course. The Journals of Gerontology: Social Sciences B, 55(5), S308-S318. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/55.5.S308
61. Wang, X. (2016). Subjective well-being associated with size of social network and social support of elderly. Journal of Health Psychology, 21(6), 1037-1042. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105314544136
62. Ward, R. A. (1979). The meaning of voluntary association participation to older people. Journal of Gerontology, 34(3), 438-445. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/34.3.438
63. Weiss, R. S. (1973). Loneliness: The experience of emotional and social isolation. MIT Press.
64. Wheeler, J. A., Gorey, K. M., & Greenblatt, B. (1998). The beneficial effects of volunteering for older volunteers and the people they serve: A meta-analysis. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 47(1), 69-79. https://doi.org/10.2190/VUMP-XCMF-FQYU-V0JH
65. Wilson, J. (2000). Volunteering. Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 215-240. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.215
66. Wu, C., & Yao, G. (2006). Analysis of factorial invariance across gender in the Taiwan version of the satisfaction with life scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 40(6), 1259-1268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.11.012
67. Yeung, K. C. (1998). The dynamics of interparental conflict and adolescent’s behavior problems [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Hong Kong.
68. Zedlewski, S. R., & Butrica, B. A. (2007). Are we taking full advantage of older adults’ potential? The Urban Institute.
69. Zhang, J., Wu, Q., Miao, D., Yan, X., & Peng, J. (2014). The impact of core self-evaluations on job satisfaction: The mediator role of career commitment. Social Indicators Research, 116, 809-822. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-013-0328-5

中文APA引文格式	郭郡羽、王美文、張德永（2021）。樂齡學習者課程參與情形與幸福感、寂寞感及自尊間的關聯。教育科學研究期刊，66（2），241-263。https://doi.org/10.6209/JORIES.202106_66(2).0008
APA Format	Kuo, C.-Y., Wang, M.-W., & Chang, T.-Y. (2021). Well-being, loneliness and self-esteem in lifelong learning: The role of engagement. Journal of Research in Education Sciences, 66(2), 241-263. https://doi.org/10.6209/JORIES.202106_66(2).0008

       The present and the future of our society are shaped by an increasing proportion of the elderly population. In the context of the global population aging, mental health concerns are more critical than ever. Lifelong learning provides opportunities for maintaining the mental health of older people. older people can continue to participate in courses to maintain their cognitive functions and increase interpersonal connections. The present study developed a profile of the characteristics of older learners at a older people learning center. We examined the influence of the duration of participation at the learning center, the diversity of the courses selected, and the impact of the diverse roles played by older people on their well-being, loneliness, and self-esteem. The results revealed that a longer participation duration resulted in higher well-being and self-esteem among participants; moreover, participating in a greater diversity of courses resulted in lower loneliness. Furthermore, increased diversity of the roles played was associated with increased well-being and self-esteem and reduced loneliness. This study explored the relationship between the learning characteristics of older learners and various critical psychological variables.