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10. 謝岱陵（2003）。國中生四向度目標導向之中介效果分析（未出版碩士論文）。國立成功大學，臺南市。【Hsieh, T.-L. (2003). The analysis of mediating effect of 4-dimensional goal orientation of junior high school students (Unpublished master’s thesis). National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.】 
11. 羅文秀、張淑玲（2005）。國中學生的工具性動機、目標導向與數學學業成就相關之研究。新竹師院學報，20，27-61。【Lo, W.-H., & Chang, S.-L. (2005). The relationships among instrumentality, goal orientations, and mathematics academic achievement of junior high school students. Journal of National Hsin Chu Teachers College, 20, 27-61.】 
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中文APA引文格式	吳中勤(2014)。以多群組結構方程模式檢驗成就目標理論模式的測量恆等性。教育科學研究期刊，59(3)，59-95。doi:10.6209/JORIES.2014.59(3).03
APA Format	Wu, C.-C. (2014). Verifying the Invariance of a Measurement Model for Achievement Goals Theory by Using the Multiple Group Structural Equation Modeling. Journal of Research in Education Sciences, 59(3), 59-95. doi:10.6209/JORIES.2014.59(3).03

    The appropriateness of measure content, ambiguity of theoretical concepts, and interferences of theoretical measure are three problems in achievement goal research. These problems have yet to receive comprehensive attention or empirical examinations. The purposes of this study were (1) to revise the problems caused by achievement goal measures and to compile a Mandarin version of a 3×2 achievement goal measure (the best fit and most parsimonious model was chosen based on model comparisons), (2) to examine the multiple group invariance of the theoretical model by utilizing multiple group structural equation modeling, and (3) to investigate the influences of gender and the educational phase on each of the 3×2 achievement goals. The results are summarized as follows: (1) the measurement of 3×2 achievement goals yielded favorable reliability and construct validity. Moreover, this model is regarded as the best fit and the most parsimonious model. (2) The measurement presents favorable validity between gender and moderate validity between the educational phase. (3) In general, boys pursued higher approach- and avoidance-oriented goals than girls, indicating the complexity of achievement goals. Suggestions are proposed based on these findings presented at the end of the article.